@misc{PennycookBinnendykNewton2020,
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	Date-Added = {2020-10-28 09:01:13 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-10-28 09:01:55 -0500},
	Howpublished = {https://psyarxiv.com/g69ha},
	Title = {A practical guide to doing behavioural research on fake news and misinformation},
	Year = {2020}}

@article{Feldman2011a,
	Author = {Lauren Feldman},
	Date-Added = {2020-10-27 09:43:51 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-10-27 09:44:56 -0500},
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	Year = {2011}}

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	Author = {Yariv Tsfati and H. G. Boomgaarden and J. Str{\"o}mb{\"a}ck and R. Vliegenthart and A. Damstra and E. Lindgren},
	Date-Added = {2020-10-06 07:27:39 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-10-06 07:27:55 -0500},
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@article{JamiesonAlbaraccin2020,
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@article{BrashierMarsh2020,
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@article{ZimmermannKohring2020,
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	Date-Added = {2020-10-05 09:27:41 -0500},
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@techreport{ChadwickVaccari2019,
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	Date-Added = {2020-10-05 09:25:01 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-10-05 09:25:47 -0500},
	Institution = {Loughborough University},
	Title = {News sharing on UK social media: misinformation, disinformation, and correction},
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@article{LiWagner2020,
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	Date-Added = {2020-10-05 09:16:48 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-10-05 09:16:59 -0500},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjoc%2Fjqaa022},
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@article{JeritBarabas2012,
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	Date-Added = {2020-10-05 09:10:23 -0500},
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@article{BWeeks2015,
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	Date-Added = {2020-10-05 09:05:56 -0500},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcom.12164},
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@article{PennycookRand2019a,
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	Date-Added = {2020-10-05 08:55:47 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-10-05 08:56:03 -0500},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjopy.12476},
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@article{Foster.etal2012,
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	Date-Added = {2020-10-05 08:50:58 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-10-05 08:51:12 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.12.004},
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@Article{DeKeersmaecker.etal2019,
  author        = {Jonas {De Keersmaecker} and David Dunning and Gordon Pennycook and David G. Rand and Carmen Sanchez and Christian Unkelbach and Arne Roets},
  journal       = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
  title         = {Investigating the Robustness of the Illusory Truth Effect Across Individual Differences in Cognitive Ability, Need for Cognitive Closure, and Cognitive Style},
  year          = {2019},
  number        = {2},
  pages         = {204--215},
  volume        = {46},
  bdsk-url-1    = {https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0146167219853844},
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  date-added    = {2020-10-05 08:49:34 -0500},
  date-modified = {2020-10-05 08:49:55 -0500},
  doi           = {10.1177/0146167219853844},
}

@article{PennycookCannonRand2018,
	Author = {Gordon Pennycook and Tyrone D. Cannon and David G. Rand},
	Date-Added = {2020-10-05 08:45:05 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-10-05 08:45:19 -0500},
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@article{Bronstein.etal2019,
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@article{Bago.etal2020,
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@article{ColtonHale2014,
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@article{GurievTreisman2020,
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@article{PennycookRand2019,
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	Date-Added = {2020-09-19 17:36:48 -0500},
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@unpublished{MattinglyYao2020,
	Author = {Daniel C. Mattingly and Elaine Yao},
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@book{Schedler2013,
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	Date-Added = {2020-08-26 16:10:51 -0500},
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  year          = {2020},
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@Article{Wojcieszak.etal2018,
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  title         = {What Drives Media Use in Authoritarian Regimes? Extending Selective Exposure Theory to Iran},
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@Article{Zhang.etal2020,
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@Misc{Levada2020a,
  author        = {{Levada Center}},
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@Misc{Levada2020,
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@Article{GlaselPaula2019,
  author        = {Gl{\"a}{\ss}el, Christian and Paula, Katrin},
  journal       = {American Journal of Political Science},
  title         = {Sometimes Less Is More: Censorship, News Falsification, and Disapproval in 1989 East Germany},
  year          = {2020},
  number        = {3},
  pages         = {682--698},
  volume        = {64},
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@article{Knobel2020,
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@article{Tolz2017,
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@Article{Zhang.etal2013,
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  title         = {Public trust: a comprehensive investigation on perceived media credibility in China},
  year          = {2013},
  number        = {2},
  pages         = {158--172},
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  bdsk-url-1    = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2013.856452},
  date-added    = {2020-07-12 11:22:30 -0500},
  date-modified = {2020-07-12 11:22:55 -0500},
}

@book{Zhu2010,
	Author = {Ying Zhu},
	Date-Added = {2020-07-12 11:17:04 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-07-12 11:17:25 -0500},
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	Title = {Two Billion Eyes: The Story of China Central Television},
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@article{RobinsonTannenberg2018,
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	Date-Added = {2020-07-06 13:06:53 -0500},
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@article{AbramowitzWebster2016,
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@article{MedeirosNoel2013,
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	Date-Added = {2020-06-23 14:45:09 -0500},
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@article{Iyengar.etal2012,
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@InCollection{Feldman2014,
  author        = {Feldman, Lauren},
  booktitle     = {The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication},
  publisher     = {Oxford University Press},
  title         = {The Hostile Media Effect},
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  editor        = {Kenski, Kate and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall},
  bdsk-url-1    = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.011_update_001},
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@article{Gunther.etal2001,
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@book{Zhao1998,
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	Date-Added = {2020-06-23 07:54:57 -0500},
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	Title = {Media, market, and democracy in China: Between the party line and the bottom line},
	Year = {1998}}

@book{McChesney1997,
	Author = {Robert W. McChesney},
	Date-Added = {2020-06-23 07:24:58 -0500},
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@article{StrombackShehata2010,
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@Article{YanagizawaDrott2014,
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  title         = {Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide},
  year          = {2014},
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  pages         = {1947--1994},
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@techreport{MasulloCurry2019,
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	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 15:33:56 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-06-16 15:35:25 -0500},
	Institution = {The University of Texas at Austin Center for Media Engagement},
	Title = {Building Trust: What Works for News Organizations},
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	Year = {2019},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://mediaengagement.org/research/building-trust/}}

@article{Hong2005,
	Author = {Hong, Traci},
	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 15:31:13 -0500},
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@article{MarshDibben2005,
	Author = {Marsh, Stephen and Dibben, Mark R.},
	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 15:27:51 -0500},
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@article{RiehDanielson2007,
	Author = {Rieh, Soo Young and Danielson, David R.},
	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 15:24:27 -0500},
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@article{TsengFogg1999,
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	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 15:20:07 -0500},
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@article{Szostek2016,
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	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 15:13:41 -0500},
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@article{Szostek2017,
	Author = {Szostek, Joanna},
	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 15:11:53 -0500},
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@article{BolsenDruckmanCook2013,
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	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 14:35:43 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-06-16 14:36:00 -0500},
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@article{Leeper2014,
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	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 14:31:34 -0500},
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@article{KraftLodgeTaber2015,
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@incollection{LaddPodkul2020,
	Author = {Jonathan M. Ladd and Alexander R. Podkul},
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	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 11:59:42 -0500},
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	Year = {2020}}

@article{Druckman2001,
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	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 11:21:23 -0500},
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@article{Panetal2020,
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@book{HochschildEinstein2015a,
	Author = {Jennifer L. Hochschild and Katherine Levine Einstein},
	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 07:58:31 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2020-06-16 07:59:37 -0500},
	Publisher = {University of Oklahoma Press},
	Title = {Do Facts Matter?: Information and Misinformation in American Politics},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Gilens2001,
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	Date-Added = {2020-06-16 07:47:35 -0500},
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	Volume = {95},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003055401002222},
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@article{DruckmanMcGrath2019,
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@techreport{CoppedgeGerringKnutsen2020,
	Author = {Michael Coppedge and John Gerring and Carl Henrik Knutsen and Staffan I. Lindberg and Jan Teorell and David Altman and Michael Bernhard and M. Steven Fish and Adam Glynn and Allen Hicken and Anna Luhrmann and Kyle L. Marquardt and Kelly McMann and Pamela Paxton and Daniel Pemstein and Brigitte Seim and Rachel Sigman and Svend-Erik Skaaning and Jeffrey Staton and Agnes Cornell and Lisa Gastaldi and Haakon Gjerl{\o}w and Valeriya Mechkova and Johannes von R{\"o}mer and Aksel Sundtr{\"o}m and Eitan Tzelgov and Luca Uberti and Yiting Wang and Tore Wig and Daniel Ziblatt},
	Date-Added = {2020-05-16 14:04:57 -0500},
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	Institution = {Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project},
	Title = {V-Dem Codebook v10},
	Year = {2020}}

@article{KullbergZimmerman1999,
	Author = {Kullberg, Judith S. and Zimmerman, William},
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@article{Duch1993,
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	Date-Added = {2020-05-13 13:16:26 -0500},
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@article{PersonLandry2016,
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@article{Person2016,
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@article{Ludecke2018,
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@incollection{DelliCarpini1989,
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@article{SearsValentino1997,
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@book{Markova2004,
	Date-Added = {2020-04-23 08:13:43 -0500},
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@article{Dimitrova-GrajzlSimon2010,
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@article{Redlawsk.etal2010,
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  year          = {2013},
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@article{Yurchak1997,
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@Article{BelmonteRochlitz2019,
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@article{Pjesivac2017,
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@article{SlothuusVreese2010,
	Author = {Slothuus, Rune and de Vreese, Claes H.},
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@article{Gaines.etal2007,
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@article{Nir2011,
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	Date-Added = {2020-01-11 08:31:22 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2020-01-11 08:31:38 -0600},
	Doi = {10.1093/poq/nfq076},
	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {504--532},
	Title = {Motivated Reasoning and Public Opinion Perception},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq076}}

@article{Druckman2012,
	Author = {Druckman, James N.},
	Date-Added = {2020-01-11 08:21:32 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2020-01-11 08:21:55 -0600},
	Doi = {10.1080/08913811.2012.711022},
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	Number = {2},
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	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2012.711022}}

@article{HartmanWeber2009,
	Author = {Hartman, Todd K. and Weber, Christopher R.},
	Date-Added = {2020-01-11 08:16:11 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2020-01-11 08:19:11 -0600},
	Doi = {10.1007/s11109-009-9088-y},
	Journal = {Political Behavior},
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	Pages = {537-558},
	Title = {Who Said What? The Effects of Source Cues in Issue Frames},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-009-9088-y}}

@article{Goren.etal2009,
	Author = {Goren, Paul and Federico, Christopher M. and Kittilson, Miki Caul},
	Date-Added = {2020-01-11 08:14:26 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2020-01-11 08:14:51 -0600},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00402.x},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {805--820},
	Title = {Source Cues, Partisan Identities, and Political Value Expression},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00402.x}}

@Article{ClaytonDavisHinckley2020,
  author        = {Clayton, Katherine and Davis, Jase and Hinckley, Kristen and Horiuchi, Yusaku},
  journal       = {Japanese Journal of Political Science},
  title         = {Partisan Motivated Reasoning and Misinformation in the Media: Is News from Ideologically Uncongenial Sources More Suspicious?},
  year          = {2020},
  number        = {3},
  pages         = {129-142},
  volume        = {20},
  bdsk-url-1    = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3035272},
  date-added    = {2020-01-09 10:09:33 -0600},
  date-modified = {2020-01-09 10:10:39 -0600},
}

@article{Savje2017,
	Author = {S{\"a}vje, Fredrik and Higgins, Michael J. and Sekhon, Jasjeet S.},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-29 08:53:31 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-29 08:54:06 -0600},
	Journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.03882},
	Title = {Generalized Full Matching},
	Year = {2017}}

@book{GerberGreen2012,
	Author = {Gerber, Alan S. and Green, Donald P.},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-29 08:51:58 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-29 08:52:55 -0600},
	Publisher = {WW Norton},
	Title = {Field experiments: Design, analysis, and interpretation},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{Flaxman.etal2016,
	Author = {Flaxman, Seth and Goel, Sharad and Rao, Justin M.},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-27 11:11:32 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-27 11:11:57 -0600},
	Doi = {10.1093/poq/nfw006},
	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	Number = {S1},
	Pages = {298--320},
	Title = {Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw006}}

@article{LaRose2010,
	Author = {LaRose, Robert},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-27 11:09:16 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-27 11:09:32 -0600},
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	Journal = {Communication Theory},
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	Number = {2},
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	Title = {The Problem of Media Habits},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01360.x}}

@article{DellaVignaGentzkow2010,
	Author = {DellaVigna, Stefano and Gentzkow, Matthew},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 12:45:50 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 12:46:07 -0600},
	Doi = {10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124309},
	Journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
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	Number = {1},
	Pages = {643--669},
	Title = {Persuasion: Empirical Evidence},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124309}}

@article{Benoit.etal2016,
	Author = {Kenneth Benoit and Drew Conway and Benjamin E. Lauderdale and Michael Laver and Slava Mikhaylov},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 12:26:24 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 12:27:23 -0600},
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	Title = {Crowd-sourced Text Analysis: Reproducible and Agile Production of Political Data},
	Volume = {110},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000058},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055416000058}}

@article{Budak2014,
	Author = {Budak, Ceren and Goel, Sharad and Rao, Justin M.},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 12:22:42 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 12:22:56 -0600},
	Doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2526461},
	Journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
	Title = {Fair and Balanced? Quantifying Media Bias Through Crowdsourced Content Analysis},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2526461}}

@article{Lind2017,
	Author = {Lind, Fabienne and Gruber, Maria and Boomgaarden, Hajo G.},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 12:20:29 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 12:20:48 -0600},
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	Title = {Content Analysis by the Crowd: Assessing the Usability of Crowdsourcing for Coding Latent Constructs},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1317338}}

@article{McCreadie2012,
	Author = {McCreadie, Richard and Macdonald, Craig and Ounis, Iadh},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 12:19:37 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 12:19:54 -0600},
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	Volume = {16},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10791-012-9186-z}}

@article{LeeperSlothuus2014,
	Author = {Leeper, Thomas J. and Slothuus, Rune},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 11:27:08 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 11:27:29 -0600},
	Doi = {10.1111/pops.12164},
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	Volume = {35},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pops.12164}}

@Article{Huang2017,
  author        = {Huang, Haifeng and Yeh, Yao-Yuan},
  journal       = {British Journal of Political Science},
  title         = {Information from Abroad: Foreign Media, Selective Exposure and Political Support in China},
  year          = {2017},
  month         = {Apr},
  number        = {2},
  pages         = {611--636},
  volume        = {49},
  bdsk-url-1    = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123416000739},
  bdsk-url-2    = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000739},
  date-added    = {2019-12-23 11:18:51 -0600},
  date-modified = {2019-12-23 11:19:12 -0600},
}

@article{Qin2018,
	Author = {Qin, Bei and Str{\"o}mberg, David and Wu, Yanhui},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 10:52:39 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 10:52:56 -0600},
	Doi = {10.1257/aer.20170947},
	Journal = {American Economic Review},
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	Number = {9},
	Pages = {2442--2476},
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	Volume = {108},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20170947}}

@article{Dilliplane2013,
	Author = {Dilliplane, Susanna},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 10:24:36 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 10:24:55 -0600},
	Doi = {10.1111/ajps.12046},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Month = {Jul},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {79--94},
	Title = {Activation, Conversion, or Reinforcement? The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Vote Choice},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12046}}

@article{Levendusky2013a,
	Author = {Levendusky, Matthew S.},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 10:23:24 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 10:23:56 -0600},
	Doi = {10.1111/ajps.12008},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
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	Year = {2013},
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@article{Feldman2011,
	Author = {Feldman, Lauren},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 10:22:35 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 10:22:53 -0600},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2011.565014}}

@article{Slater2007,
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	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 09:54:50 -0600},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00296.x}}

@unpublished{TappinPennycookRand2019,
	Author = {Ben Tappin and Gordon Pennycook and David Rand},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 07:48:37 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 07:49:32 -0600},
	Note = {Unpublished manuscript},
	Title = {Rethinking the Link Between Cognitive Sophistication and Politically Motivated Reasoning},
	Url = {https://osf.io/yt3kd/},
	Year = {2019},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://osf.io/yt3kd/}}

@article{DeBenedictisKessner.etal2019,
	Author = {Justin {De Benedictis-Kessner} and Matthew A. Baum and Adam J. Berinsky and Teppei Yamamoto},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 07:37:46 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 07:41:51 -0600},
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@article{ConroyMoehler2015,
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	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 07:30:45 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 07:31:47 -0600},
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	Volume = {77},
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@incollection{NelsonBrynerCarnahan2011,
	Author = {Thomas E. Nelson and Sarah M. Bryner and Dustin M. Carnahan},
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	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 07:13:26 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 07:15:03 -0600},
	Editor = {James N. Druckman and Donald P. Green and James H. Kuklinski and Arthur Lupia},
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	Title = {Media and Politics},
	Year = {2011}}

@incollection{LarreguyMarshall2019,
	Author = {Horacio Larreguy and John Marshall},
	Booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion},
	Date-Added = {2019-12-23 07:08:56 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-23 07:09:56 -0600},
	Editor = {Elizabeth Suhay and Bernard Grofman and Alexander H. Trechsel},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {The Incentives and Effects of Independent and Government-Controlled Media in the Developing World},
	Year = {2019}}

@article{GazianoMcGrath1986,
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	Date-Added = {2019-12-22 14:12:50 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-12-22 14:13:43 -0600},
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@Book{GreeneRobertson2019,
  author        = {Samuel Greene and Graeme Robertson},
  publisher     = {Yale University Press},
  title         = {Putin v. the People: The Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia},
  year          = {2019},
  date-added    = {2019-12-02 17:20:28 -0600},
  date-modified = {2019-12-02 17:21:08 -0600},
}

@article{ChenYang2019,
	Author = {Yuyu Chen and David Y. Yang},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-28 17:32:05 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-28 17:34:21 -0600},
	Journal = {American Economic Review},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {2294-2332},
	Title = {The Impact of Media Censorship: 1984 or Brave New World?},
	Volume = {109},
	Year = {2019}}

@article{Arceneaux.etal2012,
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	Date-Added = {2019-11-19 08:53:47 -0600},
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	Title = {Polarized Political Communication, Oppositional Media Hostility, and Selective Exposure},
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	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002238161100123X},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002238161100123x}}

@misc{FOM2019,
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	Date-Added = {2019-11-15 17:03:49 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-15 17:04:29 -0600},
	Howpublished = {https://fom.ru/SMI-i-internet/14256},
	Month = {Sep},
	Title = {Istochniki informatsii: prepochteniya},
	Url = {https://fom.ru/SMI-i-internet/14256},
	Year = {2019},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://fom.ru/SMI-i-internet/14256}}

@article{Khaldarova2016,
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	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 14:29:51 -0600},
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	Title = {Fake News: The narrative battle over the Ukrainian conflict},
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@article{GurievTreisman2019,
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	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:45:59 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:46:33 -0600},
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@article{Xiang2016,
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	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:41:10 -0600},
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	Title = {Alternative Views and Eroding Support: The Conditional Indirect Effects of Foreign Media and Internet Use on Regime Support in China},
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@article{MoehlerSingh2009,
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912909349624}}

@article{Xu2013,
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	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:37:18 -0600},
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@article{Hjerm2001,
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	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:35:57 -0600},
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@article{WagnerZick1995,
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@Article{SchaffnerLuks2018,
  author        = {Brian F. Schaffner and Samantha Luks},
  journal       = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
  title         = {Misinformation or Expressive Responding? What an Inauguration Crowd Can Tell Us About the Source of Political Misinformation in Surveys},
  year          = {2018},
  number        = {1},
  pages         = {135--147},
  volume        = {82},
  bdsk-url-1    = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx042},
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  date-modified = {2019-11-12 13:33:56 -0600},
}

@article{Joslyn2014,
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	Journal = {Politics & Policy},
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	Pages = {919--947},
	Title = {Who Knows Best? Education, Partisanship, and Contested Facts},
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@article{KuruPasekTraugott2019,
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	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:27:42 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:28:29 -0600},
	Journal = {International Journal Of Public Opinion Research},
	Title = {When Polls Disagree: How Competitive Results and Methodological Quality Shape Partisan Perceptions of Polls and Electoral Predictions},
	Year = {Forthcoming},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edz035}}

@article{KuklinskiQuirkJerit2001,
	Author = {James H. Kuklinski and Paul J. Quirk and Jennifer Jerit and Robert F. Rich},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:25:21 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:26:22 -0600},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
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@article{Enders.etal2018,
	Author = {Enders, Adam M. and Smallpage, Steven M. and Lupton, Robert N.},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:20:28 -0600},
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	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	Title = {Are All "Birthers" Conspiracy Theorists? On the Relationship Between Conspiratorial Thinking and Political Orientations},
	Year = {Forthcoming},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000837},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123417000837}}

@article{BoudreauMacKenzie2013,
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	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:16:10 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:16:25 -0600},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
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	Title = {Informing the Electorate? How Party Cues and Policy Information Affect Public Opinion about Initiatives},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12054}}

@article{ClaassenHighton2008,
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	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:13:58 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:14:12 -0600},
	Journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
	Month = {Sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {538--551},
	Title = {Policy Polarization among Party Elites and the Significance of Political Awareness in the Mass Public},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912908322415}}

@article{Meirick2013,
	Author = {Meirick, Patrick C.},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:10:37 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:10:49 -0600},
	Journal = {Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {39--57},
	Title = {Motivated Misperception? Party, Education, Partisan News, and Belief in ``Death Panels''},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699012468696}}

@article{Kahan2015,
	Author = {Kahan, Dan M.},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:08:29 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:08:46 -0600},
	Journal = {Political Psychology},
	Month = {Feb},
	Pages = {1--43},
	Title = {Climate-Science Communication and the Measurement Problem},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pops.12244}}

@article{DrummondFischhoff2017,
	Author = {Drummond, Caitlin and Fischhoff, Baruch},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:07:04 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:07:18 -0600},
	Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {36},
	Pages = {9587--9592},
	Title = {Individuals with greater science literacy and education have more polarized beliefs on controversial science topics},
	Volume = {114},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704882114}}

@article{Linden.etal2017,
	Author = {Linden, Sander van der and Leiserowitz, Anthony and Maibach, Edward},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:06:06 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:06:21 -0600},
	Journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {2--3},
	Title = {Scientific agreement can neutralize politicization of facts},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0259-2}}

@article{MillerSaundersFarhart2015,
	Author = {Miller, Joanne M. and Saunders, Kyle L. and Farhart, Christina E.},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 13:00:39 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:01:01 -0600},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Month = {Nov},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {824--844},
	Title = {Conspiracy Endorsement as Motivated Reasoning: The Moderating Roles of Political Knowledge and Trust},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12234}}

@article{Kuru.etal2017,
	Author = {Kuru, Ozan and Pasek, Josh and Traugott, Michael W.},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 12:56:59 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 12:57:15 -0600},
	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {422--446},
	Title = {Motivated Reasoning in the Perceived Credibility of Public Opinion Polls},
	Volume = {81},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx018}}

@article{Winters2018,
	Author = {Winters, Matthew S. and Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 12:55:04 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 12:55:37 -0600},
	Journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
	Title = {Information credibility and responses to corruption: a replication and extension in Argentina},
	Year = {Forthcoming},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2018.50}}

@article{WeitzShapiro2017,
	Author = {Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca and Winters, Matthew S.},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 12:54:12 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 12:54:26 -0600},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Month = {Jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {60--74},
	Title = {Can Citizens Discern? Information Credibility, Political Sophistication, and the Punishment of Corruption in Brazil},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/687287}}

@misc{MitchellGottfriedKiley2014,
	Author = {Amy Mitchell and Jeffrey Gottfried and Jocelyn Kiley and Katerina Eva Matsa},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 11:30:04 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 11:31:19 -0600},
	Howpublished = {Pew Research Center Report},
	Month = {Oct},
	Title = {Political Polarization & Media Habits},
	Url = {https://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/}}

@book{GrossmannHopkins2016,
	Author = {Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 11:24:12 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 11:24:45 -0600},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{Robertson2015,
	Author = {Robertson, Graeme},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-12 11:14:03 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 11:14:22 -0600},
	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	Month = {Oct},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {589--608},
	Title = {Political Orientation, Information and Perceptions of Election Fraud: Evidence from Russia},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000356},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123415000356}}

@unpublished{GurievTreisman2019a,
	Author = {Guriev, Sergei M. and Treisman, Daniel},
	Date-Added = {2019-11-08 05:33:20 -0600},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-12 13:46:52 -0600},
	Note = {Unpublished manuscript},
	Title = {A Theory of Informational Autocracy},
	Url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3426238},
	Year = {2019},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3426238}}

@manual{Lenth2019,
	Author = {Russell Lenth},
	Date-Added = {2019-10-18 12:12:59 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-10-18 12:16:14 -0500},
	Title = {emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means},
	Url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans},
	Year = {2019},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans}}

@article{FeenstraInklaarTimmer2015,
	Author = {Robert C. Feenstra and Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer},
	Date-Added = {2019-10-13 09:16:44 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-10-13 09:17:37 -0500},
	Journal = {American Economic Review},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {3150-3182},
	Title = {The Next Generation of the Penn World Table},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Hainmueller.etal2019,
	Author = {Hainmueller, Jens and Mummolo, Jonathan and Xu, Yiqing},
	Date-Added = {2019-10-07 16:09:13 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-10-07 16:09:54 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1017/pan.2018.46},
	Journal = {Political Analysis},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {163--192},
	Title = {How Much Should We Trust Estimates from Multiplicative Interaction Models? Simple Tools to Improve Empirical Practice},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2019},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.46}}

@book{AlbertsonGadarian2015,
	Author = {Bethany Albertson and Shana Kushner Gadarian},
	Date-Added = {2019-10-04 13:07:52 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-10-04 13:08:20 -0500},
	Publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Anxious Politics: Democratic Citizenship in a Threatening World},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Epperly2019,
	Author = {Epperly, Brad},
	Date-Added = {2019-10-04 09:15:04 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-10-04 09:15:13 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1017/ssh.2019.5},
	Issn = {1527-8034},
	Journal = {Social Science History},
	Number = {02},
	Pages = {297--317},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press (CUP)},
	Title = {The Myth of the Post-Communist Citizen: Communist Legacies and Political Trust},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.5},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2019},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.5}}

@article{LupuPeisakhin2017,
	Author = {Lupu, Noam and Peisakhin, Leonid},
	Date-Added = {2019-10-04 07:20:36 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-10-04 07:20:53 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1111/ajps.12327},
	Issn = {0092-5853},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Month = {Aug},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {836--851},
	Publisher = {Wiley},
	Title = {The Legacy of Political Violence across Generations},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12327},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12327}}

@book{Acharya.etal2018,
	Author = {Avidit Acharya and Matthew Blackwell and Maya Sen},
	Date-Added = {2019-10-04 07:10:43 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-10-04 07:13:24 -0500},
	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	Title = {Deep Roots: How Slavery Still Shapes Southern Politics},
	Year = {2018}}

@techreport{ReutersInstitute2019,
	Author = {{Reuters Institute}},
	Date-Added = {2019-08-09 15:02:56 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-09 15:03:15 -0500},
	Institution = {{Reuters Institute} and {University of Oxford}},
	Title = {Digital News Report},
	Url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-06/DNR_2019_FINAL_1.pdf},
	Year = {2019},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2018/overview-key-findings-2018/}}

@article{GlenSearles2014,
	Author = {Smith, Glen, & Searles, Kathleen},
	Date-Added = {2019-08-09 14:42:46 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-09 14:43:48 -0500},
	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {71-99},
	Title = {Who let the (attack) dogs out? New evidence for partisan media effects},
	Volume = {78},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Prior2013,
	Author = {Markus Prior},
	Date-Added = {2019-08-09 14:39:09 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-09 14:39:44 -0500},
	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	Pages = {101-127},
	Title = {Media and Political Polarization},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2013}}

@techreport{UNESCO2018,
	Author = {UNESCO},
	Date-Added = {2019-08-09 13:28:06 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-09 13:28:34 -0500},
	Institution = {UNESCO Institute for Statistics},
	Title = {UIS Education Data},
	Year = {2018}}

@techreport{WorldBank2019,
	Author = {{The World Bank}},
	Date-Added = {2019-08-09 13:23:55 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-09 13:24:53 -0500},
	Institution = {Washington, D.C.: The World Bank},
	Title = {World Development Indicators},
	Year = {2019}}

@misc{Medrano.nd,
	Author = {Jaime Diez Medrano},
	Date-Added = {2019-08-09 13:01:57 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-09 13:06:23 -0500},
	Howpublished = {http://www.jdsurvey.net/jds/jdsurveyActualidad.jsp?Idioma=I&SeccionTexto=0405},
	Title = {Managing Weights and Population Weights Within the WVS},
	Year = {n.d.}}

@inbook{AbramiMaleskyZheng2013,
	Author = {Regina Abrami and Edmund Malesky and Yu Zheng},
	Chapter = {Vietnam Through Chinese Eyes: Divergent Accountability in Single-Party Regimes},
	Editor = {Martin K. Dimitrov},
	Pages = {237-275},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe},
	Year = {2013}}

@book{AcemogluRobinson2006,
	Author = {Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson},
	Location = {Cambridge, Mass.},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{AdenaEnikolopovPetrovaEtAl2015,
	Author = {Maja Adena and Ruben Enikolopov and Maria Petrova and Veronica Santarosa and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya},
	Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1885-1939},
	Title = {Radio and the Rise of The Nazis in Prewar Germany},
	Volume = {130},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Ahmadov2014,
	Author = {Anar K. Ahmadov},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1238-1267},
	Title = {Oil, Democracy, and Context: A Meta-Analysis},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{AkhkiyamovaKolebakinaKazantsev2014,
	Author = {Lilya Akhkiyamova and Elena Kolebakina and Vladimir Kazantsev},
	Journal = {BusinessOnline},
	Month = {Jan 30},
	Title = {Mif o superlobbizme deputatov Gosdumy i senatorov ot Tatarstana nemnogo potusknel},
	Url = {http://www.business-gazeta.ru/print/96351/},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.business-gazeta.ru/print/96351/}}

@article{Albertus2015,
	Author = {Michael Albertus},
	Journal = {Latin American Research Review},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {107-134},
	Title = {Explaining Patterns of Redistribution Under Autocracy: The Case of Peru's Revolution from Above},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{AndersenAslaksen2013,
	Author = {Jorgen Andersen and Silje Aslaksen},
	Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {89-106},
	Title = {Oil and political survival},
	Volume = {100},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Anikina2016,
	Author = {Elena Anikina},
	Journal = {Kontinent Sibir},
	Month = {Jan},
	Title = {Kakoe otnoshenie novosibirskiye edinorossy v Gosdume imeiut k renome oblasti},
	Url = {http://www.ksonline.ru/218326/kakoe-otnoshenie-novosibirskie-edinorossy-v-gosdume-imeyut-k-renome-oblasti/},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ksonline.ru/218326/kakoe-otnoshenie-novosibirskie-edinorossy-v-gosdume-imeyut-k-renome-oblasti/}}

@article{AnsolabehereGerberSnyder2002,
	Author = {Stephen Ansolabehere and Alan Gerber and James Snyder},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {767-777},
	Title = {Equal Votes, Equal Money: Court-Ordered Redistricting and Public Expenditures in the American States},
	Volume = {96},
	Year = {2002}}

@inbook{Ardanaz2014,
	Author = {Martin Ardanaz},
	Chapter = {Fiscal Windfalls, Transparency, and the Efficiency of Public Good Provision: Evidence from Brazilian Local Governments},
	Editor = {Juan Cruz Vieyra and Malaika Masson},
	Pages = {319-348},
	Publisher = {Inter-American Development Bank},
	Title = {Transparent Governance in an Age of Abundance: Experiences from the Extractive Industries in Latin America and the Caribbean},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{ArdanazScartascini2013,
	Author = {Martin Ardanaz and Carlos Scartascini},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1636-1663},
	Title = {Inequality and Personal Income Taxation: The Origins and Effects of Legislative Malapportionment},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Ariely2015,
	Author = {Gal Ariely},
	Journal = {Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {351-367},
	Title = {Trusting the Press and Political Trust: A Conditional Relationship},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Bakulev2015,
	Author = {Maxim Bakulev},
	Journal = {newsBabr.com},
	Month = {Sep 22},
	Title = {Pri Levchenko FTsP ne budet?},
	Url = {http://newsbabr.com/irk/?IDE=138864},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://newsbabr.com/irk/?IDE=138864}}

@book{Bates2001,
	Author = {Robert H. Bates},
	Location = {New York},
	Publisher = {W.W. Norton \& Company},
	Title = {Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Development},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{BeckEtAl2001,
	Author = {Thorsten Beck and George Clarke and Alberto Groff and Philip Keefer and Patrick Walsh},
	Journal = {World Bank Economic Review},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {165-176},
	Title = {New tools in comparative political economy: The Database of Political Institutions},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2001}}

@phdthesis{Bell2011,
	Author = {Curtis Bell},
	Note = {ProQuest Dissertations Publishing},
	School = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
	Title = {Spending on stability: The relationship between public goods provision and regime survival},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{BellWolford2015,
	Author = {Curtis Bell and Scott Wolford},
	Journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {517-530},
	Title = {Oil Discoveries, Shifting Power, and Civil Conflict},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2015}}

@incollection{Bermeo2010,
	Author = {Nancy Bermeo},
	Booktitle = {In War's Wake: International Conflict and the Fate of Liberal Democracy},
	Editor = {Elizabeth Kier and Ronald R. Krebs},
	Pages = {67-94},
	Publisher = {Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Armed Conflict and the Durability of Electoral Democracy},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{BerryFowler2016,
	Author = {Christopher R. Berry and Anthony Fowler},
	Doi = {10.1111/ajps.12192},
	Issn = {1540-5907},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Keywords = {distributive politics, congressional committees},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {692--708},
	Title = {Cardinals or Clerics? Congressional Committees and the Distribution of Pork},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12192},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12192}}

@article{BesleyPrat2006,
	Author = {Timothy Besley and Andrea Prat},
	Journal = {American Economic Review},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {720-736},
	Title = {Handcuffs for the Grabbing Hand? Media Capture and Government Accountability.},
	Volume = {96},
	Year = {2006}}

@unpublished{BhavnaniNellis2016,
	Author = {Rikhil R. Bhavnani and Gareth Nellis},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Can Government-Controlled Media Cause Social Change? Television and Fertility in India},
	Url = {https://faculty.polisci.wisc.edu/bhavnani/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/BhavnaniNellisFertility.pdf},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://faculty.polisci.wisc.edu/bhavnani/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/BhavnaniNellisFertility.pdf}}

@book{Blaydes2011,
	Author = {Lisa Blaydes},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak's Egypt},
	Year = {2011}}

@book{Boix2003,
	Author = {Carles Boix},
	Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Democracy and Redistribution},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{BoixSvolik2013,
	Author = {Carles Boix and Milan W. Svolik},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {300-316},
	Title = {The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2013}}

@book{Brandenberger2012,
	Author = {David Brandenberger},
	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
	Title = {Propaganda State in Crisis: Soviet Ideology, Indoctrination, and Terror under Stalin, 1927-1941},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{BrolloNannicini2012,
	Abstract = {This article uses a regression discontinuity design in close electoral races to disclose purely political reasons in the allocation of intergovernmental transfers in a federal state. We identify the effect of political alignment on federal transfers to municipal governments in Brazil, and find that---in preelection years---municipalities in which the mayor is affiliated with the coalition (and especially with the political party) of the Brazilian president receive approximately one-third larger discretionary transfers for infrastructures. This effect is primarily driven by the fact that the federal government penalizes municipalities run by mayors from the opposition coalition who won by a narrow margin, thereby tying their hands for the next election.},
	Address = {New York, USA},
	Author = {Fernanda Brollo and Tommaso Nannicini},
	Day = {001},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0003055412000433},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Month = {11},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {742-761},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Tying Your Enemy's Hands in Close Races: The Politics of Federal Transfers in Brazil},
	Url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/tying-your-enemy-s-hands-in-close-races-politics-of-federal-transfers-in-brazil/3262A98BFF83D8E2CED402039FA33C4E},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/tying-your-enemy-s-hands-in-close-races-politics-of-federal-transfers-in-brazil/3262A98BFF83D8E2CED402039FA33C4E},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000433}}

@article{BrownHunter1999,
	Author = {David S. Brown and Wendy Hunter},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {779-790},
	Title = {Democracy and Social Spending in Latin America, 1980-92},
	Volume = {93},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Brownlee2009,
	Author = {Jason Brownlee},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {515-532},
	Title = {Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{BrunnschweilerBulte2009,
	Author = {Christa N. Brunnschweiler and Erwin H. Bulte},
	Journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {651-674},
	Title = {Natural resources and violent conflict: resource abundance, dependence, and the onset of civil wars},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{BuenodeMesquitaSiverson1995,
	Author = {Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce and Randolph M. Siverson},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {04},
	Pages = {841-855},
	Title = {War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{BuenodeMesquitaSiversonWoller1992,
	Author = {Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce and Randolph M. Siverson and Gary Woller},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {638-646},
	Title = {War and the Fate of Regimes: A Comparative Analysis},
	Volume = {86},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{BuenodeMesquitaSmith2009,
	Author = {Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce and Alastair Smith},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {167-197},
	Title = {Political Survival and Endogenous Institutional Change},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2009}}

@book{Bytwerk2012,
	Author = {Randall L. Bytwerk},
	Publisher = {Michigan State University Press},
	Title = {Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{Chaisty2014,
	Author = {Paul Chaisty},
	Journal = {East European Politics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {588-601},
	Title = {Presidential dynamics and legislative velocity in Russia, 1994--2007},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Chen2010,
	Author = {Titus C. Chen},
	Journal = {Asian Perspective},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {5-51},
	Title = {China's Reaction to the Color Revolutions: Adaptive Authoritarianism in Full Swing},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2010}}

@unpublished{ChenKung2014,
	Author = {Ting Chen and James Kai-sing Kung},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Political Resource Curse under Authoritarianism: Evidence from China},
	Url = {https://china.ucsd.edu/_files/pe-2014/10062014_Paper_Kung.pdf},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://china.ucsd.edu/_files/pe-2014/10062014_Paper_Kung.pdf}}

@article{ChenPanXu2016,
	Author = {Jidong Chen and Jennifer Pan and Yiqing Xu},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Pages = {forthcoming},
	Title = {Sources of Authoritarian Responsiveness: A Field Experiment in China},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{ChenXu2016,
	Author = {Jidong Chen and Yiqing Xu},
	Journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
	Title = {Information Manipulation and Reform in Authoritarian Regimes},
	Volume = {Forthcoming},
	Year = {2016}}

@book{ChiozzaGoemans2011,
	Author = {Giacomo Chiozza and H.E. Goemans},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Leaders and International Conflict},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Chowdhury1993,
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	Pages = {51-77},
	Title = {External shocks and structural adjustments in east Asian newly industrializing economies},
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	Year = {1993}}

@article{Colaresi2004,
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	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Colgan2015,
	Author = {Jeff D Colgan},
	Journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {3-16},
	Title = {Oil, domestic conflict, and opportunities for democratization},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Collier1988,
	Author = {Paul Collier},
	Journal = {International Labour Review},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {761-782},
	Title = {Oil Shocks And Food Security In Nigeria},
	Volume = {127},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Collier2010,
	Author = {Paul Collier},
	Journal = {Social Research},
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	Year = {2010}}

@article{CollierHoeffler2009,
	Author = {Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler},
	Journal = {European Economic Review},
	Pages = {293-308},
	Title = {Testing the Neo-Con Agenda: Democracy and Resource Rents},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{CologniaManera2013,
	Author = {Alessandro Colognia and Matteo Manera},
	Journal = {Energy Economics},
	Month = {January},
	Pages = {42-57},
	Title = {Exogenous oil shocks, fiscal policies and sector reallocations in oil producing countries},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2013}}

@book{CompaineGomery2000,
	Author = {Benjamin Compaine and Douglas Gomery},
	Publisher = {Routlegde},
	Title = {Who Owns the Media?: Competition and Concentration in the Mass Media Industry},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{CrescenziEnterline1999,
	Author = {Mark J.C. Crescenzi and Andrew J. Enterline},
	Journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {75-94},
	Title = {Ripples from the Waves? A Systemic, Time-Series Analysis of Democracy, Democratization, and Interstate War},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Croco2011,
	Author = {Sarah E. Croco},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {03},
	Pages = {457-477},
	Title = {The Decider's Dilemma: Leader Culpability, War Outcomes, and Domestic Punishment},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2011}}

@unpublished{CrocoWeeks2015,
	Author = {Sarah E. Croco and Jessica L.P. Weeks},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {War Outcomes and Leader Tenure},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{CuaresmaOberhoferRaschky2011,
	Author = {Jesus Crespo Cuaresma and Harald Oberhofer and Paul A. Raschky},
	Journal = {Public Choice},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {505-530},
	Title = {Oil and the duration of dictatorships},
	Volume = {148},
	Year = {2011}}

@book{Dahl1971,
	Author = {Robert A. Dahl},
	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
	Title = {Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition},
	Year = {1971}}

@article{Deacon2009,
	Author = {Robert T. Deacon},
	Journal = {Public Choice},
	Pages = {241-262},
	Title = {Public good provision under dictatorship and democracy},
	Volume = {139},
	Year = {2009}}

@inbook{DeaconSaha2006,
	Author = {Robert T. Deacon and Sarani Saha},
	Chapter = {Public Good Provision by Dictatorship: A Survey},
	Editor = {Attiat F. Ott and Richard J. Cebula},
	Publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	Title = {The Elgar Companion to Public Economics},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{DebsGoemans2010,
	Author = {Alexandre Debs and H.E. Goemans},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {430-445},
	Title = {Regime Type, the Fate of Leaders, and War},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{DelheyNewton2003,
	Author = {Jan Delhey and Kenneth Newton},
	Journal = {European Societies},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {93-137},
	Title = {Who trusts? The origins of social trust in seven societies},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{DellaVignaKaplan2007,
	Author = {Stefano DellaVigna and Ethan Kaplan},
	Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1187-1234},
	Title = {The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting},
	Volume = {122},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{DemchenkoGolosov2016,
	Author = {Oleg Demchenko and Grigorii V. Golosov},
	Journal = {Acta Politica},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {61-79},
	Title = {Federalism, gubernatorial power and the incorporation of subnational authoritarianism in Russia: A theory-testing empirical inquiry},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{Deputaty2012,
	Author = {Deputaty},
	Journal = {United Russia official website},
	Month = {Sep 7},
	Title = {Deputaty Gosdumy nastaivajut na uvelichenii finansirovania FTsP razvitia sela},
	Url = {http://er.ru/news/90247/},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://er.ru/news/90247/}}

@article{Desch1996,
	Author = {Michael C. Desch},
	Journal = {International Organization},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {237-268},
	Title = {War and Strong States, Peace and Weak States?},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Desposato2001,
	Author = {Scott W. Desposato},
	Journal = {Legislative Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {287-317},
	Title = {Legislative Politics in Authoritarian Brazil},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2001}}

@unpublished{DettmanPepinsky2016,
	Author = {Sebastian Dettman and Thomas B. Pepinsky},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Resource Shocks and Local Public Goods: A Tale of Two Districts},
	Url = {http://cpd.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/paper-for-berkeley-presentation.pdf},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://cpd.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/paper-for-berkeley-presentation.pdf}}

@book{Diaz-CayerosEstevezMagaloniForthcoming,
	Author = {Alberto Diaz-Cayeros and Federico Estevez and Beatriz Magaloni},
	Title = {Strategies of Vote Buying: Democracy, Clientelism and Poverty Relief in Mexico},
	Year = {2016}}

@book{Dimitrov2013,
	Editor = {Martin Dimitrov},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{DjankovEtAl2003,
	Author = {Simeon Djankov and Caralee McLiesh and Tatiana Nenova and Andrei Shleifer},
	Journal = {The Journal of Law and Economics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {341-382},
	Title = {Who Owns the Media?},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2003}}

@book{Ebon1987,
	Author = {Martin Ebon},
	Publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
	Title = {The Soviet Propaganda Machine},
	Year = {1987}}

@article{Edelman1993,
	Author = {Murray Edelman},
	Journal = {Political Communication},
	Pages = {231-242},
	Title = {Contestable Categories and Public Opinion},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Edmond2013,
	Author = {Chris Edmond},
	Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1422-1458},
	Title = {Information Manipulation, Coordination, and Regime Change},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{EgorovGurievSonin2009,
	Author = {Georgy Egorov and Sergei Guriev and Konstantin Sonin},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {645-668},
	Title = {Why Resource-Poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data},
	Volume = {103},
	Year = {2009}}

@techreport{EgorovSonin2014,
	Author = {Egorov, Georgy and Sonin, Konstantin},
	Institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	Title = {Incumbency advantage in non-democracies},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{ElisMalhotraMeredith2009,
	Author = {Roy Elis and Neil Malhotra and Marc Meredith},
	Journal = {Political Analysis},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {358-376},
	Title = {Apportionment Cycles as Natural Experiments},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2009}}

@misc{ElkinsGinsburgMelton2014,
	Author = {Zachary Elkins and Tom Ginsburg and James Melton},
	Howpublished = {Online},
	Title = {Characteristics of National Constitutions, Version 2.0. Comparative Constitutions Project},
	Url = {http://www.comparativeconstitutionsproject.org},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.comparativeconstitutionsproject.org}}

@article{EnikolopovPetrovaZhuravskaya2011,
	Author = {Ruben Enikolopov and Maria Petrova and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya},
	Journal = {American Economic Review},
	Month = {December},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {3253-85},
	Title = {Media and Political Persuasion: Evidence from Russia},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Eremov2015,
	Author = {Yegor Eremov},
	Journal = {RIA Novosti},
	Month = {Sep 25},
	Title = {Deputaty Gosdumy prosyat kompensirovat zatraty agrariev iz-za zasukhi},
	Url = {http://ria.ru/economy/20150925/1281665905.html},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ria.ru/economy/20150925/1281665905.html}}

@article{Escriba-Folch2013,
	Author = {Abel Escriba-Folch},
	Journal = {International Political Science Review},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {543-560},
	Title = {Repression, political threats, and survival under autocracy},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2013}}

@book{Escriba-FolchWright2015,
	Author = {Abel Escriba-Folch and Joseph Wright},
	Publisher = {Ox},
	Title = {Foreign Pressure and the Politics of Autocratic Survival},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{FailsDuBuis2015,
	Author = {Matthew D. Fails and Marc C. DuBuis},
	Journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {703-715},
	Title = {Resources, Rent Diversification, and the Collapse of Autocratic Regimes},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{Fitzpatrick2000,
	Author = {Sheila Fitzpatrick},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930's},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Fjelde2009,
	Author = {Hanne Fjelde},
	Journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {199-218},
	Title = {Buying Peace? Oil Wealth, Corruption and Civil War, 1985---99},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2009}}

@inproceedings{Folch2005,
	Author = {Escriba-Folch, Abel},
	Booktitle = {VII Congreso Espanol de Ciencia Politica y de la Administracion: Democracia y Buen Gobierno},
	Title = {The Political Economy Of Dictators Survival},
	Url = {http://www.aecpa.es/uploads/files/congresos/congreso_07/area06/GT26/ESCRIBA-FOLCH-Abel(IJM-UAM).pdf},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aecpa.es/uploads/files/congresos/congreso_07/area06/GT26/ESCRIBA-FOLCH-Abel(IJM-UAM).pdf}}

@article{FrantzKendall-Taylor2014,
	Author = {Erica Frantz and Andrea Kendall-Taylor},
	Journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {332-346},
	Title = {A dictator's toolkit: Understanding how co-optation affects repression in autocracies},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{GandhiPrzeworski2006,
	Author = {Jennifer Gandhi and Adam Przeworski},
	Journal = {Economics \& Politics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-26},
	Title = {Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion under Dictatorships},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{GandhiPrzeworski2007,
	Author = {Jennifer Gandhi and Adam Przeworski},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1279-1301},
	Title = {Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2007}}

@conference{Geddes2005,
	Author = {Barbara Geddes},
	Booktitle = {101 Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association},
	Title = {Why Parties and Elections in Authoritarian Regimes?},
	Year = {2005}}

@unpublished{Geddes2009,
	Author = {Barbara Geddes},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {How Autocrats Defend Themselves against Armed Rivals},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{GeddesWrightFrantz2014,
	Author = {Barbara Geddes and Joseph Wright and Erica Frantz},
	Journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
	Note = {Available at: http://sites.psu.edu/dictators/.},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {313-331},
	Title = {Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Gehlbach2010,
	Author = {Scott Gehlbach},
	Journal = {Post-Soviet Affairs},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {77-87},
	Title = {Reflections on Putin and the Media},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{GehlbachSimpser2015,
	Author = {Scott Gehlbach and Alberto Simpser},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {212-224},
	Title = {Electoral Manipulation as Bureaucratic Control},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{GehlbachSonin2014,
	Author = {Scott Gehlbach and Konstantin Sonin},
	Journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
	Pages = {163-171},
	Title = {Government Control of the Media},
	Volume = {118},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{GehlbachSoninSvolik2016,
	Author = {Scott Gehlbach and Konstantin Sonin and Milan W. Svolik},
	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	Pages = {forthcoming},
	Title = {Formal Models of Nondemocratic Politics},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{Gelman2006,
	Author = {Vladimir Gel'man},
	Journal = {Democratization},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {545-561},
	Title = {From `feckless pluralism' to `dominant power politics'? The transformation of Russia's party system},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Gelman2010,
	Author = {Vladimir Gelman},
	Journal = {Russian Politics \& Law},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {7-26},
	Title = {The Dynamics of Subnational Authoritarianism (Russia in Comparative Perspective)},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2010}}

@book{Gelman2016,
	Author = {Vladimir Gel'man},
	Publisher = {University of Pittsburgh Press},
	Title = {Authoritarian Russia: Analyzing Post-Soviet Regime Changes},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{GerberGimpelGreenEtAl2011,
	Author = {Alan S. Gerber and James G. Gimpel and Donald P. Green and Daron R. Shaw},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {135-150},
	Title = {How Large and Long-lasting Are the Persuasive Effects of Televised Campaign Ads? Results from a Randomized Field Experiment},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Gervasoni2010,
	Abstract = {Levels of subnational democracy vary significantly within countries around the world. Drawing on fiscal theories of the state, the author argues that this variance is often explained by a type of rentierism that is not geographically determined by natural resources but politically created by certain fiscal federalism arrangements. He posits that less democratic regimes are more likely in rentier provinces---those that receive disproportionately large central government transfers and practically forgo local taxation. Intergovernmental revenue-sharing rules that produce large vertical fiscal imbalances and favor the economically smaller districts provide their incumbents with generous ``fiscal federalism rents'' that allow them to restrict democratic contestation and weaken checks and balances. Statistical evidence from a panel data set of the Argentine provinces strongly confirms this expectation, even after controlling for standard alternative explanations such as level of development. Sensitivity analysis shows that this finding is extremely robust to alternative panel estimators. Qualitative and quantitative evidence suggests that the effect of heavy public spending on the economic autonomy of political actors is the main causal mechanism at work.},
	Address = {Cambridge, UK},
	Author = {Carlos Gervasoni},
	Day = {001},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0043887110000067},
	Journal = {World Politics},
	Month = {004},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {302-340},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {A Rentier Theory of Subnational Regimes: Fiscal Federalism, Democracy, and Authoritarianism in the Argentine Provinces},
	Url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/a-rentier-ory-of-subnational-regimes-fiscal-federalism-democracy-and-authoritarianism-in-the-argentine-provinces/BE4D911988E288A660B3F8DD0B583CD8},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/a-rentier-ory-of-subnational-regimes-fiscal-federalism-democracy-and-authoritarianism-in-the-argentine-provinces/BE4D911988E288A660B3F8DD0B583CD8},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887110000067}}

@article{Gibler2010,
	Author = {Douglas M. Gibler},
	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {519-542},
	Title = {Outside-In: The Effects of External Threat on State Centralization},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2010}}

@unpublished{Gibler2015,
	Author = {Douglas M. Gibler},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {The Missing Military: How International Conflict Shapes Domestic Political Bargaining},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{GiblerTir2010,
	Author = {Douglas M. Gibler and Jaroslav Tir},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {951-968},
	Title = {Settled Borders and Regime Type: Democratic Transitions as Consequences of Peaceful Territorial Transfers},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2010}}

@book{GinsburgSimpser2013,
	Editor = {Tom Ginsburg and Alberto Simpser},
	Location = {New York},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes},
	Year = {2013}}

@unpublished{GlaeserLaibsonScheinkmanEtAl,
	Author = {Edward L. Glaeser and David Laibson and Jose A. Scheinkman and Christine L. Soutter},
	Note = {Working Paper},
	Title = {What is Social Capital? The Determinants of Trust and Trustworthiness},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{GoldsteinRidout2004,
	Author = {Kenneth Goldstein and Travis N. Ridout},
	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	Pages = {205-226},
	Title = {Measuring the Effects of Televised Political Advertising in the United States},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2004}}

@book{Golosov2004,
	Author = {Grigorii V. Golosov},
	Publisher = {Boulder, CO: Lynn Rienner},
	Title = {Political Parties in the Regions of Russia: Democracy Unclaimed},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Greene2011,
	Author = {Kenneth F. Greene},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Month = {April},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {398-416},
	Title = {Campaign Persuasion and Nascent Partisanship in Mexico's New Democracy},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{GrigoriadisTorgler2009,
	Author = {Theocharis N. Grigoriadis and Benno Torgler},
	Journal = {Energy Economics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {322-334},
	Title = {Energy polarization and popular representation: Evidence from the Russian Duma},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{Gudkov2008,
	Author = {Lev Gudkov},
	Journal = {Sociological Research},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {6-28},
	Title = {"Soviet Man" in the Sociology of Iurii Levada},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2008}}

@unpublished{GurievTreisman2015,
	Author = {Sergei Guriev and Daniel Treisman},
	Month = mar,
	Note = {Working Paper},
	Title = {How Modern Dictators Survive: An Informational Theory of the New Authoritarianism},
	Year = {2016}}

@incollection{Haber2006,
	Author = {Stephen Haber},
	Booktitle = {Oxford Handbook of Political Economy},
	Editor = {Barry R. Weingast and Donald A. Wittman},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {Authoritarian Government},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{HaberMenaldo2011,
	Author = {Stephen Haber and Victor Menaldo},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1-26},
	Title = {Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal of the Resource Curse},
	Volume = {105},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Hale2005,
	Author = {Henry E. Hale},
	Journal = {Comparative Politics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {147-166},
	Title = {Why Not Parties? Electoral Markets, Party Substitutes, and Stalled Democratization in Russia},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Hale2011,
	Author = {Henry E. Hale},
	Journal = {World Politics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {581-617},
	Title = {Formal Constitutions in Informal Politics: Institutions and Democratization in Post--Soviet Eurasia},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2011}}

@book{Hale2015,
	Author = {Henry E. Hale},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Hale2016,
	Author = {Henry E. Hale},
	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {24-35},
	Title = {25 Years After the USSR: What's Gone Wrong?},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{Hanson2006,
	Author = {Philip Hanson},
	Journal = {Economic Change and Restructuring},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {191-211},
	Title = {Federalism with a Russian face: regional inequality, administrative capacity and regional budgets in Russia},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{HendersonBrooks2016,
	Author = {John Henderson and John Brooks},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Month = {July},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {653-669},
	Title = {Mediating the Electoral Connection: The Information Effects of Voter Signals on Legislative Behavior},
	Volume = {78},
	Year = {2016}}

@book{Herpen2015,
	Author = {Van Herpen, Marcel H.},
	Publisher = {Rowman \& Littlefield Publishers},
	Title = {Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy},
	Year = {2015}}

@unpublished{HillLoVavreckEtAl2013,
	Author = {Seth J. Hill and James Lo and Lynn Vavreck and John R. Zaller},
	Journal = {Political Communication},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {521-547},
	Title = {How Quickly We Forget: The Duration of Persuasion Effects From Mass Communication},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2013}}

@book{Hoffmann1997,
	Author = {Hilmar Hoffmann},
	Publisher = {Berghahn Books},
	Title = {The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism, 1933-1945},
	Year = {1997}}

@unpublished{Hong2014,
	Author = {Ji Yeon Hong},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Does Oil Hinder Social Spending? Evidence from Dictatorships, 1972-2008},
	Url = {http://media.wix.com/ugd/b7a611_bce8a029a2e842c880434cdad8d8ac3e.pdf},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://media.wix.com/ugd/b7a611_bce8a029a2e842c880434cdad8d8ac3e.pdf}}

@article{HopmannShehataStroembaeck2015,
	Author = {David Nicolas Hopmann and Adam Shehata and Jesper Str{\"o}mb{\"a}ck},
	Journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {776-798},
	Title = {Contagious Media Effects: How Media Use and Exposure to Game-Framed News Influence Media Trust},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{HoriuchiSaito2003,
	Author = {Yusaka Horiuchi and Jun Saito},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {669-82},
	Title = {Reapportionment and Redistribution: Consequences of Electoral Reform in Japan},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Huang2015,
	Author = {Haifeng Huang},
	Journal = {Comparative Politics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {419-444},
	Title = {Propaganda as Signaling},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{HutchingsRulyova2009,
	Author = {Stephen Hutchings and Natalia Rulyova},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Television and Culture in Putin's Russia: Remote Control},
	Year = {2009}}

@inbook{Inglehart1999,
	Author = {Ronald Inglehart},
	Chapter = {Trust, well-being and democracy},
	Editor = {Mark E. Warren},
	Pages = {88-120},
	Publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Democracy and Trust},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{JamalKeohaneRomneyEtAl2015,
	Author = {Amaney A. Jamal and Robert O. Keohane and David Romney and Dustin Tingley},
	Journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {55-73},
	Title = {Anti-Americanism and Anti-Interventionism in Arabic Twitter Discourses},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{JamesSolbergWolfson1999,
	Author = {Patrick James and Eric Solberg and Murray Wolfson},
	Journal = {Defense and Peace Economics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-37},
	Title = {An Identified Systemic Model of the Democracy-Peace Nexus},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Jarocinska2010,
	Author = {Elena Jarocinska},
	Journal = {Economics of Transition},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {405-427},
	Title = {Intergovernmental grants in Russia},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{JensenJohnston2011,
	Author = {Nathan M. Jensen and Noel P. Johnston},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {662-688},
	Title = {Political Risk, Reputation, and the Resource Curse},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{JensenWantchekon2004,
	Author = {Nathan Jensen and Leonard Wantchekon},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {816-841},
	Title = {Resource Wealth and Political Regimes in Africa},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2004}}

@unpublished{JoetsRazafindrabe2015,
	Author = {Marc Joets and Tovonony Razafindrabe},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {What is the Welfare Social Cost of Oil Price?},
	Url = {http://afse2015.sciencesconf.org/61785/document},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://afse2015.sciencesconf.org/61785/document}}

@book{KeckSikkink1998,
	Author = {Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink},
	Location = {Ithaca, NY},
	Publisher = {Cornell University Press},
	Title = {Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics},
	Year = {1998}}

@book{Kenez1985,
	Author = {Peter Kenez},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization},
	Year = {1985}}

@article{KernHainmueller2009,
	Author = {Holger Lutz Kern and Jens Hainmueller},
	Journal = {Political Analysis},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {377-399},
	Title = {Opium for the Masses: How Foreign Media Can Stabilize Authoritarian Regimes},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2009}}

@unpublished{Khan2012,
	Author = {Karim Khan},
	Month = {October},
	Note = {Working paper. Available at SSRN},
	Title = {Dictatorships, Patronage and Public Good Provision},
	Url = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2159682},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ssrn.com/abstract=2159682}}

@article{KingPanRoberts2013,
	Author = {Gary King and Jennifer Pan and Margaret E. Roberts},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {326-343},
	Title = {How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2013}}

@unpublished{KingPanRoberts2016,
	Author = {Gary King and Jennifer Pan and Margaret E. Roberts},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, not Engaged Argument},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{KnackKeefer1997,
	Author = {Stephen Knack and Philip Keefer},
	Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
	Pages = {1251-88},
	Title = {Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation},
	Volume = {112},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{KnutsenNygaard2015,
	Author = {Carl Henrik Knutsen and H{\aa}vard Mokleiv Nyg{\aa}rd},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {656-670},
	Title = {Institutional Characteristics and Regime Survival: Why Are Semi-Democracies Less Durable Than Autocracies and Democracies?},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{Kohli2004,
	Author = {Atul Kohli},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Kozlov2007,
	Author = {Vladimir Kozlov},
	Journal = {Zhurnal o vyborakh},
	Number = {6},
	Title = {Problemy predstvitel'stva regionov v novoi Gosudarstvennoi Dume},
	Url = {http://www.vibory.ru/discussion/kozlov-r.htm},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.vibory.ru/discussion/kozlov-r.htm}}

@incollection{Kuran1991,
	Author = {Timur Kuran},
	Journal = {World Politics},
	Month = {October},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {7-48},
	Title = {Now out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {1991}}

@incollection{Kurth1980,
	Author = {James R. Kurth},
	Booktitle = {The New Authoritarianism in Latin America},
	Editor = {David Collier},
	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	Title = {Industrial Change and Political Change: A European Perspective},
	Year = {1980}}

@article{Lagerkvist2011,
	Author = {Johan Lagerkvist},
	Journal = {Journal of International A airs},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {169-183},
	Title = {New Media Entrepreneurs in China: Allies of the Party-State or Civil Society?},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{LakeBaum2001,
	Author = {David A. Lake and Matthew A. Baum},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {587-621},
	Title = {The Invisible Hand of Democracy: Political Control and the Provision of Public Services},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2001}}

@inbook{LazarsfeldMerton1949,
	Author = {Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton},
	Chapter = {Studies in Radio and Film Propaganda},
	Editor = {Robert K. Merton},
	Pages = {265-285},
	Publisher = {Free Press},
	Title = {Social Theory and Social Structure},
	Year = {1949}}

@book{LentzGower2010,
	Author = {Richard Lentz and Karla K. Gower},
	Publisher = {University of Missouri Press},
	Title = {The Opinions of Mankind: Racial Issues, Press, and Propaganda in the Cold War},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{LevitskyWay2002,
	Author = {Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way},
	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {51-65},
	Title = {The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{LiouMusgrave2014,
	Author = {Yu-Ming Liou and Paul Musgrave},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {11},
	Pages = {1584-1610},
	Title = {Refining the Oil Curse: Country-Level Evidence From Exogenous Variations in Resource Income},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Little2016,
	Author = {Andrew T Little},
	Journal = {Journal of Theoretical Politics},
	Title = {Are non-competitive elections good for citizens?},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{Little2017,
	Author = {Andrew T. Little},
	Journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Pages = {224-232},
	Title = {Propaganda and Credulity},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Lorentzen2014,
	Author = {Peter Lorentzen},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {402-414},
	Title = {China's Strategic Censorship},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Lust-Okar2006,
	Author = {Ellen Lust-Okar},
	Journal = {Democratization},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {456-471},
	Title = {Elections under authoritarianism: Preliminary lessons from Jordan},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{LuThies2013,
	Author = {Lingyu Lu and Cameron G. Thies},
	Journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {239-253},
	Title = {War, Rivalry, and State Building in the Middle East},
	Volume = {66},
	Year = {2013}}

@book{Magaloni2006,
	Author = {Beatriz Magaloni},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and its Demise in Mexico},
	Year = {2006}}

@unpublished{MagaloniWallace2008,
	Author = {Beatriz Magaloni and Jeremy Wallace},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Citizen Loyalty, Mass Protest and Authoritarian Survival},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{Makarov2015,
	Author = {Makarov},
	Journal = {United Russia official website},
	Month = {Dec 4},
	Title = {Makarov: Budget - eto pomosch regionam, novye shkoly, lgoty na kapremont},
	Url = {https://er.ru/news/137668/},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://er.ru/news/137668/}}

@article{MaleskySchuler2010,
	Author = {Edmund Malesky and Paul Schuler},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {482-502},
	Title = {Nodding or Needling: Analyzing Delegate Responsiveness in an Authoritarian Parliament},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{MaleskySchulerTran2012,
	Author = {Edmund Malesky and Paul Schuler and Anh Tran},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {762-786},
	Title = {The Adverse Effects of Sunshine: A Field Experiment on Legislative Transparency in an Authoritarian Assembly},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{Manion1996,
	Author = {Melanie Manion},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {736-748},
	Title = {The Electoral Connection in the Chinese Countryside},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {1996}}

@book{Manion2004,
	Author = {Melanie Manion},
	Publisher = {Harvard University Press.},
	Title = {Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong},
	Year = {2004}}

@incollection{MansfieldSnyder2010,
	Author = {Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder},
	Booktitle = {In War's Wake: International Conflict and the Fate of Liberal Democracy},
	Editor = {Elizabeth Kier and Ronald R. Krebs},
	Pages = {23-49},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Does War Influence Democratization?},
	Year = {2010}}

@unpublished{Martinez2016,
	Author = {Luis Martinez},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Sources of Revenue and Government Performance: Evidence from Colombia},
	Url = {https://sites.google.com/site/lrmartineza/},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://sites.google.com/site/lrmartineza/}}

@article{Martinez-BravoPadroQianEtAl2012,
	Author = {Monica Martinez-Bravo and Gerard Padro and Nancy Qian and Yang Yao},
	Journal = {RePEc IDEAS Working Paper Series},
	Title = {The Effects of Democratization on Public Goods and Redistribution: Evidence from China},
	Year = {2012}}

@book{MesquitaEtAl2003,
	Author = {Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce and Alastair Smith and Randolph M. Siverson and James D. Morrow},
	Publisher = {The MIT Press},
	Title = {The Logic of Political Survival},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{MeyenSchwer2007,
	Author = {Michael Meyen and Katja Schwer},
	Journal = {Media, Culture and Society},
	Month = {March},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {284-303},
	Title = {Credibility of media offerings in centrally controlled media systems: a qualitative study based on the example of East Germany},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2007}}

@book{Mickiewicz1999,
	Author = {Ellen Mickiewicz},
	Publisher = {Duke University Press},
	Title = {Changing Channels: Television and the Struggle for Power in Russia},
	Year = {1999}}

@book{Mickiewicz2008,
	Author = {Ellen Mickiewicz},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Television, Power, and the Public in Russia},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{Miller2015,
	Author = {Michael K. Miller},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {691-727},
	Title = {Elections, Information, and Policy Responsiveness in Autocratic Regimes},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Miller2015a,
	Author = {Michael K. Miller},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {12},
	Pages = {1526-1562},
	Title = {Electoral Authoritarianism and Human Development},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Miquel2007,
	Author = {Padro i Miquel, Gerard},
	Journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1259-1274},
	Title = {The Control of Politicians in Divided Societies: The Politics of Fear},
	Volume = {74},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{MitchellGatesHegre1999,
	Author = {Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Scott Gates and Havard Hegre},
	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {771-792},
	Title = {Evolution in Democracy-War Dynamics},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{ModelskiPerry1991,
	Author = {George Modelski and Gardner Perry},
	Journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
	Pages = {22-34},
	Title = {Democratization in Long Perspective},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {1991}}

@unpublished{MonteiroFerraz2010,
	Author = {Joana Monteiro and Claudio Ferraz},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Does Oil Make Leaders Unaccountable? Evidence from Brazil's offshore oil boom},
	Url = {http://econ.sciences-po.fr/sites/default/files/file/Does%20Oil%20Make_0.pdf},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://econ.sciences-po.fr/sites/default/files/file/Does%20Oil%20Make_0.pdf}}

@article{Morasky2015,
	Author = {Bryon Morasky},
	Journal = {Party Politics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {381-392},
	Title = {Closed-list proportional representation in Russia: The fates of former district deputies},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{Morozov2011,
	Author = {Evgeny Morozov},
	Location = {New York},
	Publisher = {Public Affairs},
	Title = {The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{MousseauShi1999,
	Author = {Michael Mousseau and Yuhang Shi},
	Journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {639-663},
	Title = {A Test for Reverse Causality in the Democratic Peace Relationship},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1999}}

@book{Mueller2013,
	Author = {Jan M{\"u}ller},
	Publisher = {Campus Verlag},
	Title = {Mechanisms of Trust: News Media in Democratic and Authoritarian Regimes},
	Year = {2013}}

@phdthesis{Mukherjee2015,
	Author = {Bappaditya Mukherjee},
	Note = {Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses},
	School = {University of Maryland, College Park},
	Title = {Domestic Political Consequences of Interstate Wars},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{MyagkovOrdeshookShakin2009,
	Author = {Mikhail Myagkov and Peter C. Ordeshook and Dimitri Shakin},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The Forensics of Election Fraud: Russia and Ukraine},
	Year = {2009}}

@unpublished{NewlandLorentzen2015,
	Author = {Sara A. Newland and Peter Lorentzen},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Countering Liberation Technology: Internet Access and Media Freedom in Autocracies},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{NisbetMyers2011,
	Author = {Erik C. Nisbet and Teresa A. Myers},
	Journal = {Communication Research},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {684-709},
	Title = {Anti-American Sentiment as a Media Effect? Arab Media, Political Identity, and Public Opinion in the Middle East},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {2011}}

@unpublished{Noam2013,
	Author = {Eli Noam},
	Note = {Paper presented on 41th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy, George Mason University School of Law},
	Title = {Who Owns the Worlds Media?},
	Year = {2013}}

@book{Noam2015,
	Author = {Eli Noam},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press.},
	Title = {Who Owns the Worlds Media?: Media Concentration and Ownership around the World},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Olson1993,
	Author = {Mancur Olson},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {567-576},
	Title = {Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development},
	Volume = {87},
	Year = {1993}}

@unpublished{OlssonValsecchi2015,
	Author = {Ola Olsson and Michele Valsecchi},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Resource Windfalls and Local Government Behavior: Evidence from a Policy Reform in Indonesia},
	Url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2685721},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2685721}}

@article{PiplaniTalmadge2015,
	Author = {Varun Piplani and Caitlin Talmadge},
	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
	Title = {When War Helps Civil--Military Relations: Prolonged Interstate Conflict and the Reduced Risk of Coups},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{Ponzio2015,
	Author = {Alessio Ponzio},
	Publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
	Title = {Shaping the New Man: Youth Training Regimes in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Pop-ElechesTucker2011,
	Author = {Grigore Pop-Eleches and Joshua A. Tucker},
	Journal = {Comparative Politics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {379-399},
	Title = {Communism's Shadow: Postcommunist Legacies, Values, and Behavior},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Popov2004,
	Author = {Vladimir Popov},
	Journal = {Comparative Economic Studies},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {515-541},
	Title = {Fiscal Federalism in Russia: Rules Versus Electoral Politics},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{PowellThyne2011,
	Author = {Jonathan Powell and Clayton Thyne},
	Journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {249-259},
	Title = {Global Instances of Coups from 1950-Present},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2011}}

@inbook{Przeworski2004,
	Author = {Adam Przeworski},
	Chapter = {Democracy and Economic Development},
	Editor = {Edward D. Mansfield and Richard Sisson},
	Publisher = {Columbus: Ohio State University Press},
	Title = {The Evolution of Political Knowledge},
	Year = {2004}}

@book{PrzeworskiEtAl2000,
	Author = {Adam Przeworski and Michael E. Alvarez and Jose Antonio Cheibub and Fernando Limongi, Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950--1990},
	Year = {2000}}

@book{Putnam2000,
	Author = {Robert Putnam},
	Publisher = {New York: Simon and Schuster},
	Title = {Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community},
	Year = {2000}}

@unpublished{QinStrombergWu2014,
	Author = {Bei Qin and David Stromberg and Yanhui Wu},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Media Bias in Autocracies: Evidence from China},
	Url = {http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~yanhuiwu/MediaBias1.pdf},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~yanhuiwu/MediaBias1.pdf}}

@article{RaslerThompson2004,
	Author = {Karen Rasler and William R. Thompson},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {879-908},
	Title = {The Democratic Peace and a Sequential, Reciprocal, Causal Arrow Hypothesis},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2004}}

@book{RaslerThompson2005,
	Author = {Karen Rasler and William R. Thompson},
	Location = {New York},
	Publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	Title = {Puzzles of the Democratic Peace: Theory, Geopolitics, and the Transformation of World Politics},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Reiter2001,
	Author = {Dan Reiter},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {935-948},
	Title = {Does Peace Nurture Democracy?},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2001}}

@book{Remington1988,
	Author = {Thomas F. Remington},
	Publisher = {Pittsburgh University Press},
	Title = {The Authority of Truth: Ideology and Communication in the Soviet Union},
	Year = {1988}}

@article{Remington2007,
	Author = {Thomas Remington},
	Journal = {The Journal of Legislative Studies},
	Number = {1},
	Title = {The Russian Federal Assembly, 1994--2004},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Remington2008,
	Author = {Thomas Remington},
	Journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {959-987},
	Title = {Patronage and the Party of Power: President--Parliament Relations Under Vladimir Putin},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2008}}

@Article{ReuterRobertson2015,
  author     = {Ora John Reuter and Graeme B. Robertson},
  journal    = {The Journal of Politics},
  title      = {Legislatures, Cooptation, and Social Protest in Contemporary Authoritarian Regimes},
  year       = {2015},
  number     = {1},
  pages      = {235-248},
  volume     = {77},
  abstract   = {A key debate in the new literature on authoritarianism concerns the role of institutions in general and legislatures in particular. While much of the literature accepts that authoritarian legislatures matter, there is little agreement as to why and how. In this article, we argue that a key function of authoritarian legislatures is to help leaders reduce social protest. In contrast to existing literature, which stresses the representative function of authoritarian legislatures, we argue that legislatures reduce social protest by providing rent-seeking opportunities to key opposition elites who, in return for access to these spoils, demobilize their supporters. We test this argument using original data on the distribution of leadership positions in 83 Russian regional legislatures and two new datasets on opposition protest in Russia. Our findings suggest that legislative cooptation may extend the lifespan of authoritarian regimes by helping to reduce antiregime protest.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678390},
  doi        = {10.1086/678390},
  eprint     = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678390},
  url        = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678390},
}

@book{RisseRoppSikkink2013,
	Editor = {Thomas Risse and Stephen C. Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Roberts2015,
	Author = {Tyson L. Roberts},
	Journal = {Comparative P},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {915-948},
	Title = {The Durability of Presidential and Parliament-Based Dictatorships},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Robertson2007,
	Author = {Graeme Robertson},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {781-798},
	Title = {Strikes and Labor Organization in Hybrid Regimes},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{RobinsonTorvikVerdier2006,
	Author = {James A. Robinson and Ragnar Torvik and Thierry Verdier},
	Journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
	Pages = {447-468},
	Title = {Political Foundations of the Resource Curse},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {2006}}

@Article{RosasLangston2011,
  author     = {Guillermo Rosas and Joy Langston},
  journal    = {The Journal of Politics},
  title      = {Gubernatorial Effects on the Voting Behavior of National Legislators},
  year       = {2011},
  number     = {2},
  pages      = {477-493},
  volume     = {73},
  abstract   = {Are subnational political elites, such as governors, capable of affecting the voting behavior of national representatives even in the face of high legislative discipline? We address this question by estimating the exogenous causal effect of gubernatorial influence on the voting behavior of national legislators in Mexico, where constitutional provisions guarantee that the political survival times of governors and legislators are fixed and known ex ante and where we can thus know precisely which legislators will leave congress before their state governor's term has expired. We posit that such legislators will be more willing to represent gubernatorial preferences because they expect the governor to find them employment upon finishing their stay in congress. We find that governors whose terms end after the term of the national assembly are able to systematically increase the voting cohesion of legislators from their own party and state and that these effects are substantively important.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022381611000326},
  doi        = {10.1017/S0022381611000326},
  eprint     = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022381611000326},
  url        = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022381611000326},
}

@article{Ross2010,
	Author = {Cameron Ross},
	Journal = {Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {165-187},
	Title = {Federalism and Inter-governmental Relations in Russia},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2010}}

@book{RossGelman2010,
	Editor = {Cameron Ross and Vladimir Gel'man},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {The Politics of Sub-National Authoritarianism in Russia},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{RossTurovsky2013,
	Author = {Cameron Ross and Rostislav Turovsky},
	Journal = {Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {59-88},
	Title = {The Representation of Political and Economic Elites in the Russian Federation Council},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2013}}

@book{Roth-Ey2012,
	Author = {Kristin Roth-Ey},
	Publisher = {Cornell University Press},
	Title = {Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War},
	Year = {2012}}

@book{Roxburgh1987,
	Author = {Angus Roxburgh},
	Publisher = {George Braziller},
	Title = {Pravda: Inside the Soviet News Machine},
	Year = {1987}}

@article{SamokhinaKorchenkovaMalyarenko2014,
	Author = {Sofia Samokhina and Natalia Korchenkova and Evgenia Malyarenko},
	Journal = {Kommersant},
	Month = {Apr 6},
	Title = {Sozyv nerushimy: chem zapomnitsya tretii god raboty nyneshney Dumy},
	Url = {http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2639642},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2639642}}

@article{SarrWick2010,
	Author = {Mare Sarr and Katharina Wick},
	Journal = {Economics of Governance},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {183-205},
	Title = {Resources, conflict and development choices: public good provision in resource rich economies},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{SchatzLevine2010,
	Author = {Edward Schatz and Renan Levine},
	Journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {855-869},
	Title = {Framing, Public Diplomacy, and Anti-Americanism in Central Asia},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{SchatzMaltseva2012,
	Author = {Edward Schatz and Elena Maltseva},
	Journal = {Post-Soviet Affairs},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {45-65},
	Title = {Kazakhstan's Authoritarian "Persuasion"},
	Volume = {278},
	Year = {2012}}

@book{Schedler2006,
	Editor = {Andreas Schedler},
	Publisher = {Lynn Rienner Publishers},
	Title = {Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{ShadmehrBernhardt2015,
	Author = {Mehdi Shadmehr and Dan Bernhardt},
	Journal = {American Economic Journal: Microeconomics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {280-307},
	Title = {State Censorship},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{Shane1995,
	Author = {Scott Shane},
	Publisher = {Ivan R. Dee},
	Title = {Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Shlapentokh2011,
	Author = {Vladimir Shlapentokh},
	Journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {875-889},
	Title = {The Puzzle of Russian Anti-Americanism: From `Below' or From `Above'},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Semenova2011,
	Author = {Elena Semenova},
	Journal = {Comparative Sociology},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {908-927},
	Title = {Ministerial and Parliamentary Elites in an Executive-Dominated System: Post-Soviet Russia 1991--2009},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2011}}

@book{Simmons2009,
	Author = {Beth A. Simmons},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics},
	Year = {2009}}

@book{Smith2002,
	Author = {Kathleen E. Smith},
	Publisher = {Cornell University Press},
	Title = {Mythmaking in the New Russia: Politics and Memory in the Yeltsin Era},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Smith2006,
	Author = {Benjamin Smith},
	Journal = {Studies in Comparative International Development},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {55-76},
	Title = {The wrong kind of crisis: Why oil booms and busts rarely lead to authoritarian breakdown},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Smith2016,
	Author = {Benjamin Smith},
	Journal = {Conflict Management and Peace Science},
	Title = {Resource wealth as rent leverage: Rethinking the oil--stability nexus},
	Year = {2016}}

@book{SmithRemington2000,
	Author = {Steven S. Smith and Thomas Remington},
	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	Title = {The Politics of Institutional Choice: The Formation of the Russian State Duma},
	Year = {2000}}

@book{Snyder1991,
	Author = {Jack Snyder},
	Location = {Ithaca, NY},
	Publisher = {Cornell University Press},
	Title = {Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{SobianinNovosiltseva2004,
	Author = {A. Sobianin and M. Novosiltseva},
	Journal = {Sliyaniya i pogloshcheniya},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {36-40},
	Title = {Universalnaya mashina: lobbistskie vozmozhnosti novogo sostava Dumy},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Starodubtsev2009,
	Author = {Andrey Starodubtsev},
	Journal = {Politeia},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {90-101},
	Title = {Regionalnye interesy v rossiiskom parlamente: deputaty-odnomandatniki kak budgetnye lobbisty},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{Stier2015,
	Author = {Sebastian Stier},
	Journal = {Democratization},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {1273-1295},
	Title = {Democracy, Autocracy and the News: the Impact of Regime Type on Media Freedom},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{Stockmann2014,
	Author = {Daniela Stockmann},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press.},
	Title = {Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{StockmannGallagher2011,
	Author = {Daniela Stockmann and Mary K. Gallagher},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {436-467},
	Title = {Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2011}}

@book{Svolik2012,
	Author = {Milan W. Svolik},
	Publisher = {C},
	Title = {The Politics of Authoritarian Rule},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{Thies2005,
	Author = {Cameron G. Thies},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {451-465},
	Title = {War, Rivalry, and State Building in Latin America},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Thies2007,
	Author = {Cameron G. Thies},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {716-731},
	Title = {The Political Economy of State Building in Sub-Saharan Africa},
	Volume = {69},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{ThiesSobek2010,
	Author = {Cameron G. Thies and David Sobek},
	Journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {267-287},
	Title = {Three's Company: International War, Economic and Political Development},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{Thompson1996,
	Author = {William R. Thompson},
	Journal = {International Organization},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {141-174},
	Title = {Democracy and Peace: Putting the Cart Before the Horse?},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Thompson2001,
	Author = {William R. Thompson},
	Journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {557-586},
	Title = {Identifying Rivals and Rivalries},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2001}}

@book{Thornton2007,
	Author = {Patricia M. Thornton},
	Publisher = {Harvard University Press.},
	Title = {Disciplining the State: Virtue, Violence and State-Making in Modern China},
	Year = {2007}}

@book{Tilly1992,
	Author = {Charles Tilly},
	Publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	Title = {Coercion, Capital and European States: AD 990 -- 1992},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Tolstykh2007,
	Author = {P.A. Tolstykh},
	Journal = {Lobbying.ru},
	Title = {Luchshie lobbisty Gosudarstvennoi Dumy FS RF IV sozyva, 2003--2007},
	Url = {http://lobbying.ru/Dokuments/dep_rating.pdf},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://lobbying.ru/Dokuments/dep_rating.pdf}}

@article{Treisman1996,
	Author = {Daniel Treisman},
	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {299-335},
	Title = {The Politics of Intergovernmental Transfers in Post-Soviet Russia},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{truex2014,
	Abstract = {Are there returns to office in an authoritarian parliament? A new dataset shows that over 500 deputies to China's National People's Congress are CEOs of various companies. Entropy balancing is used to construct a weighted portfolio of Chinese companies that matches companies with NPC representation on relevant financial characteristics prior to the 11th Congress (2008--2012). The weighted fixed effect analysis suggests that a seat in the NPC is worth an additional 1.5 percentage points in returns and a 3 to 4 percentage point boost in operating profit margin in a given year. Additional evidence reveals that these rents stem primarily from the ``reputation boost'' of the position, and not necessarily formal policy influence. These findings confirm the assumptions of several prominent theories of authoritarian politics but suggest the need to further probe the nature of these institutions.},
	Address = {New York, USA},
	Author = {Rory Truex},
	Day = {001},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0003055414000112},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Month = {005},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {235-251},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The Returns to Office in a ``Rubber Stamp'' Parliament},
	Url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/returns-to-office-in-a-rubber-stamp-parliament/91F3C1257A43BCDA31F671E312F9197F},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/returns-to-office-in-a-rubber-stamp-parliament/91F3C1257A43BCDA31F671E312F9197F},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000112}}

@book{Truex2016,
	Author = {Rory Truex},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Making Autocracy Work: Representation and Responsiveness in Modern China},
	Year = {2016}}

@book{Tsai2007,
	Author = {Lily L. Tsai},
	Publisher = {New York, NY: Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Accountability Without Democracy: Solidary groups and public goods provision in rural China},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{TsfatiAriely2014,
	Author = {Yariv Tsfati and Gal Ariely},
	Journal = {Communication Research},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {760-782},
	Title = {Individual and Contextual Correlates of Trust in Media Across 44 Countries},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Tufekci2014,
	Author = {Zeynep Tufekci},
	Journal = {Journal of International Affairs},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-18},
	Title = {Social Movements and Governments in the Digital Age: Evaluating a Complex Landscape},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Turanov2016,
	Author = {Sergei Turanov},
	Journal = {Nezavisimaya gazeta},
	Month = {Jan 15},
	Title = {Luchshiye lobbisty Rossii - dekabr i itogi 2015 goda},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{Turovsky2007,
	Author = {Rostislav Turovsky},
	Journal = {Perspectives on European Politics \& Society},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {73-97},
	Title = {The mechanism of representation of regional interests at the federal level in Russia: Problems and solutions},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2007}}

@book{Turpin1995,
	Author = {Jennifer Turpin},
	Publisher = {Praeger},
	Title = {Reinventing the Soviet Self: Media and Social Change in the Former Soviet Union},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Ulfelder2007,
	Author = {Jay Ulfelder},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {995-1018},
	Title = {Natural-Resource Wealth and the Survival of Autocracy},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Uslaner2000,
	Author = {Eric M. Uslaner},
	Journal = {Political Science Quarterly},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {569-90},
	Title = {Producing and consuming trust},
	Volume = {115},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Valentina2015,
	Author = {Gosduma},
	Journal = {Respublika},
	Month = {Nov 24},
	Title = {Valentina Pivnenko: Gosduma povtorno rassmotrit popravki po FTsP Karelii},
	Url = {http://rk.karelia.ru/politics/law/valentina-pivnenko-gosduma-povtorno-rassmotrit-popravki-po-ftsp-karelii/},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://rk.karelia.ru/politics/law/valentina-pivnenko-gosduma-povtorno-rassmotrit-popravki-po-ftsp-karelii/}}

@article{Vartapetov2010,
	Author = {Karen Vartapetov},
	Journal = {Post-Communist Economies},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {471-481},
	Title = {Russia's federal fiscal grants: regional equalisation and growth},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{VoigtlaenderVoth2015,
	Author = {Nico Voigtl{\"a}nder and Hans-Joachim Voth},
	Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	Number = {26},
	Pages = {7931-7936},
	Title = {Nazi indoctrination and anti-Semitic beliefs in Germany},
	Volume = {112},
	Year = {2015}}

@inproceedings{VollmerZiegler2009,
	Author = {Sebastian Vollmer and Maria Ziegler},
	Booktitle = {World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4818},
	Organization = {World Bank},
	Series = {Policy Research Working Paper},
	Title = {Political Institutions and Human Development: Does Democracy Fulfill its 'Constructive' and 'Instrumental' Role?},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{WardMillerPearceEtAl2016,
	Author = {Paul R. Ward and Emma Miller and Alex R. Pearce and Samantha B. Meyer},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Number = {10},
	Title = {Predictors and Extent of Institutional Trust in Government, Banks, the Media and Religious Organisations: Evidence from Cross-Sectional Surveys in Six Asia-Pacific Countries},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{WayLevitsky2007,
	Author = {Lucan A. Way and Steven Levitsky},
	Journal = {East European Politics and Societies},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {48-66},
	Title = {Linkage, Leverage, and the Post-Communist Divide},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2007}}

@book{Wedeen1999,
	Author = {Lisa Wedeen},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria},
	Year = {1999}}

@book{Weeks2014,
	Author = {Jessica L.P. Weeks},
	Location = {Ithaca, NY},
	Publisher = {Cornell University Press},
	Title = {Dictators at War and Peace},
	Year = {2014}}

@unpublished{Weeks2015,
	Author = {Jessica L.P. Weeks},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {External Threats and Domestic Political Attitudes},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{WhiteKryshtanovskaya2011,
	Author = {Steven White and Olga Kryshtanovskaya},
	Journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {557-578},
	Title = {Changing the Russian electoral system: inside the black box},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Whitten-Woodring2009,
	Author = {Jenifer Whitten-Woodring},
	Journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {595-625},
	Title = {Watchdog or Lapdog? Media Freedom, Regime Type, and Government Respect for Human Rights},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{WiensPoastClark2014,
	Author = {David Wiens and Paul Poast and William Roberts Clark},
	Journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {783-794},
	Title = {The Political Resource Curse: An Empirical Re-evaluation},
	Volume = {67},
	Year = {2014}}

@book{Wintrobe1998,
	Author = {Ronald Wintrobe},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The Political Economy of Dictatorship},
	Year = {1998}}

@article{Wittenberg2015,
	Author = {Jason Wittenberg},
	Journal = {East European Politics \& Societies},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {366-378},
	Title = {Conceptualizing Historical Legacies},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Wright2008,
	Author = {Joseph Wright},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {322-343},
	Title = {Do Authoritarian Institutions Constrain? How Legislatures Affect Economic Growth and Investment},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{WrightEscriba-Folch2011,
	Author = {Joseph Wright and Abel Escriba-Folch},
	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {283-309},
	Title = {Authoritarian Institutions and Regime Survival: Transitions to Democracy and Subsequent Autocracy},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{WrightFrantzGeddes2015,
	Author = {Joseph Wright and Erica Frantz and Barbara Geddes},
	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {287-306},
	Title = {Oil and Autocratic Regime Survival},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Yablokov2015,
	Author = {Ilya Yablokov},
	Journal = {Politics},
	Month = {November},
	Number = {3-4},
	Pages = {301-315},
	Title = {Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of Russia Today (RT)},
	Volume = {35},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{YamamotoLeeRan2016,
	Author = {Masahiro Yamamoto and Tien-Tsung Lee and Weina Ran},
	Journal = {Communcation Research},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {131-154},
	Title = {Media Trust in a Community Context: A Multilevel Analysis of Individual- and Prefecture-Level Sources of Media Trust in Japan},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {2016}}

@book{Zaller1992,
	Author = {John R. Zaller},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{ZhangShaoBowman2012,
	Author = {Guoliang Zhang and Guosong Shao and Nicholas David Bowman},
	Journal = {Communication Research},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {662-678},
	Title = {What Is Most Important for My Country Is Not Most Important for Me: Agenda-Setting Effects in China},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{Nunn2011,
	Author = {Nathan Nunn and Leonard Wantchekon},
	Journal = {American Economic Review},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {3321-3352},
	Title = {The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Pop-Eleches2014,
	Author = {Grigore Pop-Eleches and Joshua A. Tucker},
	Journal = {Electoral Studies},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {77-89},
	Title = {Communist socialization and post-communist economic and political attitudes},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Acharya2016,
	Author = {Avidit Acharya and Matthew Blackwell and Maya Sen},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {621-641},
	Title = {The Political Legacy of American Slavery},
	Volume = {78},
	Year = {2016}}

@unpublished{Lupu2017,
	Author = {Noam Lupu and Leonid Peisakhin},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {The Legacy of Political Violence across Generations},
	Year = {2017}}

@unpublished{Peisakhin2016,
	Author = {Leonid Peisakhin},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {History's Long Shadow: Persistence of Long Duree Political Identities in Ukraine},
	Year = {2016}}

@unpublished{Peisakhin2016b,
	Author = {Leonid Peisakhin},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Long Run Persistence of Political Attitudes and Behavior: A Focus on Mechanisms},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{Rozenas2017,
	Author = {Arturas Rozenas and Sebastian Schutte and Yuri Zhukov},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Title = {The Political Legacy of Violence: The Long-Term Impact of Stalin's Repression in Ukraine},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Lowes2017,
	Author = {Sara Lowes and Nathan Nunn and James A. Robinson and Jonathan Weigel},
	Journal = {Econometrica},
	Title = {The Evolution of Culture and Institutions: Evidence from the Kuba Kingdom},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Moscona2017,
	Author = {Jacob Moscona and Nathan Nunn and James A. Robinson},
	Journal = {American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings},
	Title = {Keeping It in the Family: Lineage Organization and the Scope of Trust in Sub-Saharan Africa},
	Year = {2017}}

@book{Pop-Eleches2017,
	Author = {Grigore Pop-Eleches and Joshua A. Tucker},
	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	Title = {Communism's Shadow: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Political Attitudes},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Bartels2014,
	Author = {Larry M. Bartels and Simon Jackman},
	Journal = {Electoral Studies},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {7-18},
	Title = {A generational model of political learning},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Mishler1997,
	Author = {William Mishler and Richard Rose},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {418-51},
	Title = {Trust, Distrust and Scepticism: Popular Evaluations of Civil and Political Institutions in Post-communist Societies},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {1997}}

@book{Sztompka2000,
	Author = {Piotr Sztompka},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Trust: A Sociological Theory},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Bahry2005,
	Author = {Donna Bahry and Mikhail Kosolapov and Polina Kozyreva and Rick K. Wilson},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {521-532},
	Title = {Ethnicity and Trust: Evidence from Russia},
	Volume = {99},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Bahry1997,
	Author = {Donna Bahry and Synthia Boaz and Stacy Burnett Gordon},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {484-510},
	Title = {Tolerance, Transition, and Support for Civil Liberties in Russia},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {1997}}

@book{Inglehart1997,
	Author = {Ronald Inglehart},
	Publisher = {Princeton: Princeton University Press},
	Title = {Modernization and Post-Modernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Gerber1998,
	Author = {Alan Gerber and Donald P. Green},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {791-818},
	Title = {Rational learning and partisan attitudes},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {1998}}

@book{Uslaner2002,
	Author = {Eric M. Uslaner},
	Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The Moral Foundations of Trust},
	Year = {2002}}

@inbook{Carpini1989,
	Author = {Delli Carpini, Michael X.},
	Chapter = {Age and history: generations and sociopolitical change},
	Editor = {R.S. Sigel},
	Pages = {11-55},
	Publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {Political Learning in Adulthood},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Rose1994,
	Author = {Richard Rose},
	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {18-30},
	Title = {Postcommunism and the Problem of Trust},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Mishler2001,
	Author = {William Mishler and Richard Rose},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {30-62},
	Title = {What Are the Origins of Political Trust? Testing Institutional and Cultural Theories in Post-communist Societies},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Simpson2007,
	Author = {Jeffry A. Simpson},
	Journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
	Number = {5},
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	Year = {2007}}

@inbook{McKnight2001,
	Author = {D. Harrison McKnight and Norman L. Chervany},
	Chapter = {Trust and Distrust Definitions: One Bite at a Time},
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	Pages = {27-54},
	Publisher = {Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
	Title = {Trust in Cyber-societies: Integrating the Human and Artificial Perspectives},
	Year = {2001}}

@incollection{Newton2007,
	Author = {Kenneth Newton},
	Booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior},
	Editor = {Russel J. Dalton and Hans-Dieter Klingemann},
	Pages = {342-361},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {Social and Political Trust},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Pharr2000,
	Author = {Susan J. Pharr and Robert D. Putnam and Russell J. Dalton},
	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
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	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Twenge2014,
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	Journal = {Psychological Science},
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@book{Short1986,
	Editor = {K.R.M. Short},
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	Year = {1986}}

@book{Schlosser2015,
	Author = {Nicholas J. Schlosser},
	Publisher = {University of Illinois Press},
	Title = {Cold War on the Airwaves: The Radio Propaganda War Against East Germany},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{Nelson1997,
	Author = {Michael Nelson},
	Publisher = {Syracuse University Press},
	Title = {War of the Black Heavens: The Battles of Western Broadcasting in the Cold War},
	Year = {1997}}

@book{Snyder1995,
	Author = {Alvin A. Snyder},
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@article{Bearfield2009,
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@article{Lewis2009,
	Author = {David E. Lewis},
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	Title = {Revisiting the Administrative Presidency: Policy, Patronage, and Agency Competence},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2009}}

@book{Lewis2008,
	Author = {David E. Lewis},
	Publisher = {Princeton: Princeton University Press},
	Title = {The Politics of Presidential Appointments: Political Control and Bureaucratic Performance},
	Year = {2008}}

@book{Schelling1960,
	Author = {Thomas C. Schelling},
	Publisher = {London: Oxford Univ. Press},
	Title = {The Strategy of Conflict},
	Year = {1960}}

@article{Miller2005,
	Author = {Gary J. Miller},
	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	Pages = {203-225},
	Title = {The Political Evolution of Principal-Agent Models},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Egorov.Sonin2011,
	Author = {Georgy Egorov and Konstantin Sonin},
	Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
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	Title = {Dictators and Their Viziers: Endogenizing the Loyalty-Competence Trade-Off},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Calvert.etal1989,
	Author = {Randall L. Calvert and Mathew D. McCubbins and Barry R. Weingast},
	Journal = {American Journal of PoliticaI Science},
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	Volume = {33},
	Year = {1989}}

@article{Chang2001,
	Author = {Kelly H. Chang},
	Journal = {The Journal of Law, Economics, \& Organization},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {319-355},
	Title = {The President Versus the Senate: Appointments in the American System of Separated Powers and the Federal Reserve},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Snyder.Weingast2000,
	Author = {Susan K. Snyder and Barry R. Weingast},
	Journal = {Journal of Law, Economics, \& Organization},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {269-305},
	Title = {The American System of Shared Powers: The President, Congress, and the NLRB},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Parsneau2012,
	Author = {Kevin Parsneau},
	Journal = {American Politics Research},
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	Pages = {443-470},
	Title = {Politicizing Priority Departments: Presidential Priorities and Subcabinet Experience and Loyalty},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{Horton.Lewis2009,
	Author = {Gabriel Horton and David E. Lewis},
	Journal = {Vanderbilt Public Law Research Paper},
	Number = {09-24},
	Title = {Turkey Farms, Patronage, and Obama Administration Appointments},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{Bertelli.Feldmann2007,
	Author = {Anthony Bertelli and Sven E. Feldmann},
	Journal = {Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {19-38},
	Title = {Strategic Appointments},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2007}}

@book{Epstein.OHalloran1999,
	Author = {David Epstein and Sharyn O'Halloran},
	Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making under Separate Powers},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Bendor.etal2001,
	Author = {Jonathan Bendor and Amihai Glazer and Thomas H. Hammond},
	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	Pages = {235-269},
	Title = {Theories of Delegation},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Bendor.Meirowitz2004,
	Author = {Jonathan Bendor and Adam Meirowitz},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {293-310},
	Title = {Spatial Models of Delegation},
	Volume = {98},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Gailmard2002,
	Author = {Sean Gailmard},
	Journal = {Journal of Law, Economics, \& Organization},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {536-555},
	Title = {Expertise, Subversion, and Bureaucratic Discretion},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Roberts.etal2016,
	Author = {Margaret E. Roberts and Brandon M. Stewart and Edoardo M. Airoldi},
	Journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
	Number = {515},
	Pages = {988-1003},
	Title = {A Model of Text for Experimentation in the Social Sciences},
	Volume = {111},
	Year = {2016}}

@conference{Roberts.etal2013,
	Author = {Margaret E. Roberts and Brandon M. Stewart and Dustin Tingley and Edoardo M. Airoldi},
	Booktitle = {NIPS 2013 Workshop on Topic Models: Computation, Application, and Evaluation},
	Title = {The Structural Topic Model and Applied Social Science},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Blei.etal2003,
	Author = {David M. Blei and Andrew Y. Ng and Michael I. Jordan},
	Journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {993-1002},
	Title = {Latent Dirichlet Allocation},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Blei.Lafferty2007,
	Author = {David M. Blei and John D. Lafferty},
	Journal = {The Annals of Applied Statistics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {17-35},
	Title = {A Correlated Topic Model of Science},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2007}}

@inproceedings{Wang.Klabjan2016,
	Author = {Baiyang Wang and Diego Klabjan},
	Booktitle = {Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
	Title = {Temporal Topic Analysis with Endogenous and Exogenous Processes},
	Year = {2016}}

@inproceedings{Blei.Lafferty2006,
	Author = {David M. Blei and John D. Lafferty},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning},
	Title = {Dynamic Topic Models},
	Year = {2006}}

@inproceedings{Ren.etal2008,
	Author = {Lu Ren and Lawrence Carin and David B. Dunson},
	Booktitle = {25th International Conference on Machine Learning},
	Title = {The Dynamic Hierarchical Dirichlet Process},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{Allcott.Gentzkow2017,
	Author = {Hunt Allcott and Matthew Gentzkow},
	Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {211-236},
	Title = {Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2017}}

@incollection{Tsfati.Cohen2013,
	Author = {Yariv Tsfati and Jonathan Cohen},
	Booktitle = {Blackwell's International Companion to Media Studies: Media Effects/Media Psychology},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-30 17:20:02 -0500},
	Editor = {Erica Scharrer},
	Pages = {128-146},
	Publisher = {New York: Wiley-Blackwell},
	Title = {Perceptions of media and media effects: The third person effect, trust in media and hostile media perceptions},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Tsfati2003,
	Author = {Yariv Tsfati},
	Journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {65-82},
	Title = {Media Skepticism and Climate of Opinion Perception},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Tsfati.Cohen2005,
	Author = {Yariv Tsfati and Jonathan Cohen},
	Journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {28-51},
	Title = {Democratic Consequences of Hostile Media Perceptions: The Case of Gaza Settlers},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2005}}

@book{Fallows1997,
	Author = {James M. Fallows},
	Publisher = {Vintage Books},
	Title = {Breaking the News: How the Media Undermine American Democracy},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Flynn.etal2017,
	Author = {D.J. Flynn and Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler},
	Journal = {Advances in Political Psychology},
	Pages = {127-150},
	Title = {The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs About Politics},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Anderson2017,
	Author = {John E. Anderson},
	Journal = {Comparative Economic Studies},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1-22},
	Title = {Trust in Government and Willingness to Pay Taxes in Transition Countries},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Reuter.Robertson2012,
	Author = {Ora John Reuter and Graeme B. Robertson},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
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	Pages = {1023-1037},
	Title = {Subnational Appointments in Authoritarian Regimes: Evidence from Russian Gubernatorial Appointments},
	Volume = {74},
	Year = {2012}}

@book{Harasymiw1984,
	Author = {Bohdan Harasymiw},
	Publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan, London},
	Title = {Political Elite Recruitment in the Soviet Union},
	Year = {1984}}

@book{Hodnett1978,
	Author = {Grey Hodnett},
	Publisher = {Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press},
	Title = {Leadership in the Soviet National Republics: A Quantitative Study of Recruitment Policy},
	Year = {1978}}

@book{Landry2008,
	Author = {Pierre F. Landry},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Decentralized Authoritarianism in China: The Communist Party's Control of Local Elites in the Post-Mao Era},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{Reuter2010,
	Author = {Ora John Reuter},
	Journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {293-327},
	Title = {The Politics of Dominant Party Formation: United Russia and Russia's Governors},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{Rochlitz.etal2015,
	Author = {Michael Rochlitz and Vera Kulpina and Thomas Remington and Andrei Yakovlev},
	Journal = {Eurasian Geography and Economics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {421-445},
	Title = {Performance incentives and economic growth: regional officials in Russia and China},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Landry.etalForthcoming,
	Author = {Pierre F. Landry and Xiaobo Lu and Haiyan Duan},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Title = {Does Performance Matter? Evaluating Political Selection along the Chinese Administrative Ladder},
	Url = {SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2452482},
	Year = {Forthcoming},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {SSRN:%20https://ssrn.com/abstract=2452482}}

@article{Buckley.etal2014,
	Author = {Noah Buckley and Timothy Frye and Guzel Garifullina and Ora John Reuter},
	Journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
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	Volume = {66},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Pop-Eleches.Robertson2015,
	Author = {Grigore Pop-Eleches and Graeme B. Robertson},
	Journal = {Comparative Politics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {459-495},
	Title = {Information, Elections, and Political Change},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Zakharov2016,
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	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
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	Pages = {457-466},
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	Volume = {78},
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@book{Chehabi.Linz1998,
	Editor = {Houchang E. Chehabi and Juan J. Linz},
	Publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
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	Year = {1998}}

@conference{Bai.Zhou2013,
	Author = {Ying Bai and Titi Zhou},
	Booktitle = {The First Chinese Conference on Comparative Political Economy. Tsinghua University, Beijing},
	Title = {Mao's Last Revolution: A Loyalty-competence Tradeoff},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Turovsky2014,
	Author = {Rostislav Turovsky},
	Journal = {Perspectives on European Politics and Society},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {68-87},
	Title = {Opposition Parties in Hybrid Regimes: Between Repression and Co-optation: The Case of Russia's Regions},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Kerevel2015,
	Author = {Yann P. Kerevel},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1020-1050},
	Title = {(Sub)national Principals, Legislative Agents: Patronage and Political Careers in Mexico},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Gueorguiev.Schuler2016,
	Author = {Dimitar D. Gueorguiev and Paul J. Schuler},
	Journal = {Journal of East Asian Studies},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {87-116},
	Title = {Keeping Your Head Down: Public Profiles and Promotion Under Autocracy},
	Volume = {16},
	Year = {2016}}

@book{Kuran1997,
	Author = {Timur Kuran},
	Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	Title = {Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification},
	Year = {1997}}

@book{Berinsky2009,
	Author = {Adam J. Berinsky},
	Publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {In Time of War: Understanding Public Opinion from World War II to Iraq},
	Year = {2009}}

@incollection{Converse1964,
	Author = {Philip E. Converse},
	Booktitle = {Ideology and Discontent},
	Chapter = {The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics},
	Editor = {David E. Apter},
	Pages = {1--61},
	Publisher = {New York: Free Press of Glencoe},
	Title = {The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics},
	Year = {1964}}

@Misc{Elkins.etal2014,
  author       = {Zachary Elkins and Tom Ginsburg and James Melton},
  howpublished = {Online},
  title        = {Characteristics of National Constitutions, Version 2.0. Comparative Constitutions Project},
  year         = {2014},
  bdsk-url-1   = {http://www.comparativeconstitutionsproject.org},
  groups       = {Anton:6},
  url          = {http://www.comparativeconstitutionsproject.org},
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@InProceedings{Mimno.McCallum2008,
  author    = {David Mimno and Andrew McCallum},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI2008)},
  title     = {Topic Models Conditioned on Arbitrary Features with Dirichlet-multinomial Regression},
  year      = {2008},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@InProceedings{Eisenstein.etal2011,
  author    = {Jacob Eisenstein and Amr Ahmed and Eric P. Xing},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Machine Learning},
  title     = {Sparse Additive Generative Models of Text},
  year      = {2011},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Putnam.etal1993,
  author    = {Robert D. Putnam and Robert Leonardi and Raffaella Nanetti},
  publisher = {Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press},
  title     = {Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy},
  year      = {1993},
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@Article{Kubik2005,
  author  = {Jan Kubik},
  journal = {East European Politics and Societies},
  title   = {How to Study Civil Society: The State of the Art and What to Do Next},
  year    = {2005},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {105-120},
  volume  = {19},
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@Article{Berman1997,
  author  = {Sheri Berman},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic},
  year    = {1997},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {401-439},
  volume  = {49},
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}

@Book{Scott1985,
  author    = {James C. Scott},
  publisher = {New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press},
  title     = {Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance},
  year      = {1985},
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@Article{Henderson2002,
  author  = {Sarah Henderson},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  title   = {Selling Civil Society: Western Aid and the Nongovernmental Organization Sector in Russia},
  year    = {2002},
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  pages   = {136-167},
  volume  = {35},
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}

@Book{Hirschman1970,
  author    = {Albert O. Hirschman},
  publisher = {Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press},
  title     = {Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States},
  year      = {1970},
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@Book{Olson1965,
  author    = {Mancur Olson},
  publisher = {Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press},
  title     = {The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups},
  year      = {1965},
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@Book{Skocpol1979,
  author    = {Theda Skocpol},
  publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China},
  year      = {1979},
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}

@Book{Chandra2012,
  editor    = {Kanchan Chandra},
  publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
  title     = {Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Politics},
  year      = {2012},
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}

@Book{Hobsbawm1992,
  author    = {Eric Hobsbawm},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Nations and Nationalism since 1780},
  year      = {1992},
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@Book{Gellner1983,
  author    = {Ernest Gellner},
  publisher = {Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press},
  title     = {Nations and Nationalism},
  year      = {1983},
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@Book{Anderson1983,
  author    = {Benedict Anderson},
  publisher = {New York: Verso},
  title     = {Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism},
  year      = {1983},
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}

@Book{Brubaker1996,
  author    = {Rogers Brubaker},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe},
  year      = {1996},
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}

@Book{Laitin1998,
  author    = {David Laitin},
  publisher = {Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press},
  title     = {Identity in Formation: The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad},
  year      = {1998},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Beissinger2002,
  author    = {Mark Beissinger},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State},
  year      = {2002},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Shelef2010,
  author    = {Nadav Shelef},
  publisher = {Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press},
  title     = {Evolving Nationalism: Homeland, Identity, and Religion in Israel 1925-2005},
  year      = {2010},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Lijphart1977,
  author    = {Arendt Lijphart},
  publisher = {New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press},
  title     = {Democracy in Plural Societies},
  year      = {1977},
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}

@Book{Geertz1973,
  author    = {Clifford Geertz},
  publisher = {New York: Basic Books},
  title     = {The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays},
  year      = {1973},
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}

@Book{Hobsbawm.Ranger1992,
  editor    = {Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {The Invention of Tradition},
  year      = {1992},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Lipset.Rokkan1967,
  author    = {Seymour Lipset and Stein Rokkan},
  chapter   = {Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction},
  editor    = {P. Mair},
  pages     = {1-64},
  publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
  title     = {The West European Party System},
  year      = {1967},
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}

@Book{Aldrich1995,
  author    = {John H. Aldrich},
  publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
  title     = {Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America},
  year      = {1995},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Downs1957,
  author    = {Anthony Downs},
  publisher = {Boston: Addison Wesley},
  title     = {An Economic Theory of Democracy},
  year      = {1957},
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}

@Article{Iversen1994,
  author  = {Torben Iversen},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  title   = {The Logics of Electoral Politics: Spatial, Directional, and Mobilizational Effects},
  year    = {1994},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {155-189},
  volume  = {27},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Cox1997,
  author    = {Gary W. Cox},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems},
  year      = {1997},
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}

@Article{Meguid2005,
  author  = {Bonnie M. Meguid},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success},
  year    = {2005},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {347-359},
  volume  = {99},
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}

@InBook{Mainwaring.Scully1995,
  author    = {Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully},
  chapter   = {Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America},
  editor    = {Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully},
  pages     = {1-34},
  publisher = {Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press},
  title     = {Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America},
  year      = {1995},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Kedar2005,
  author  = {Orit Kedar},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {When Moderate Voters Prefer Extreme Parties: Policy Balancing in Parliamentary Elections},
  year    = {2005},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {185-199},
  volume  = {99},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Campbell.etal1960,
  author    = {Angus Campbell and Philip E. Converse and Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes.},
  publisher = {New York: John Wiley},
  title     = {The American Voter},
  year      = {1960},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Duch.Stevenson2008,
  author    = {Raymond M. Duch and Randolph T. Stevenson},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {The Economic Vote: How Political and Economic Institutions Condition Election Results},
  year      = {2008},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Kitschelt2000,
  author  = {Herbert Kitschelt},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  title   = {Linkages Between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities},
  year    = {2000},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {845-879},
  volume  = {33},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Mainwaring.Zoco2007,
  author  = {Scott Mainwaring and Edurne Zoco},
  journal = {Party Politics},
  title   = {Political Sequences and the Stabilization of Interparty Competition: Electoral Volatility in Old and New Democracies},
  year    = {2007},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {155-178},
  volume  = {13},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Mozaffar.etal2003,
  author  = {Shaheen Mozaffar and James R. Scarrit and Glen Galaich.},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Electoral Institutions, Ethnopolitical Cleavages, and Party Systems in Africa's Emerging Democracies},
  year    = {2003},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {379-390},
  volume  = {97},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Thachil2014,
  author  = {Tariq Thachil},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Elite Parties and Poor Voters: Theory and Evidence from India},
  year    = {2014},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {454-477},
  volume  = {108},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Lupu2014,
  author  = {Noam Lupu},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Brand Dilution and the Breakdown of Political Parties in Latin America},
  year    = {2014},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {561-602},
  volume  = {66},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Swidler1986,
  author  = {Ann Swidler},
  journal = {American Sociological Review},
  title   = {Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies},
  year    = {1986},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {273-286},
  volume  = {51},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Wedeen2002,
  author  = {Lisa Wedeen},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Conceptualizing Culture: Possibilities for Political Science},
  year    = {2002},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {713-738},
  volume  = {96},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Merelman1989,
  author  = {Richard Merelman},
  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {On Culture and Politics in America: A Perspective from Cultural Anthropology},
  year    = {1989},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {4-21},
  volume  = {19},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Almond.Verba1963,
  editor    = {Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba},
  publisher = {Boston: Little Brown},
  title     = {The Civic Culture},
  year      = {1963},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Ross1997,
  author    = {Mark H. Ross},
  chapter   = {Culture and Identity in Comparative Political Analysis},
  editor    = {Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman},
  pages     = {42-80},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure},
  year      = {1997},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Abdelal.etal2006,
  author  = {Rawi Abdelal and Yoshiko M. Herrera and Alastair Iain Johnston and Rose McDermott},
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  title   = {Identity as a Variable},
  year    = {2006},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {695-711},
  volume  = {4},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Hancock2007,
  author  = {Ange-Marie Hancock},
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  title   = {When Multiplication Doesn't Equal Quick Addition: Examining Intersectionality as a Research Paradigm},
  year    = {2007},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {63-79},
  volume  = {5},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Tajfel.Turner2001,
  author    = {Henri Tajfel and John C. Turner},
  chapter   = {The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations},
  editor    = {Michael A. Hogg and Dominic Abrams},
  pages     = {94-109},
  publisher = {New York: Psychology Press},
  title     = {Intergroup Relations: Essential Readings},
  year      = {2001},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Ziblatt2004,
  author  = {Daniel Ziblatt},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Rethinking the Origins of Federalism: Puzzle, Theory, and Evidence from Nineteenth Century Europe},
  year    = {2004},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {70-98},
  volume  = {57},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Evans1995,
  author    = {Peter J. Evans},
  publisher = {Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press},
  title     = {Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation},
  year      = {1995},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Tilly1975,
  author    = {Charles Tilly},
  publisher = {Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press},
  title     = {Formation of National States in Western Europe},
  year      = {1975},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Ganev2005,
  author  = {Venelin I. Ganev},
  journal = {Communist and Post-Communist Studies},
  title   = {Post-communism as an episode of state-building: A reversed Tillyan perspective},
  year    = {2005},
  pages   = {425-445},
  volume  = {38},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Spruyt1994,
  author    = {Hendrik Spruyt},
  publisher = {Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press},
  title     = {The Sovereign State and Its Competitors},
  year      = {1994},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Levi1988,
  author    = {Margaret Levi},
  publisher = {Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press},
  title     = {Of Rule and Revenue},
  year      = {1988},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Migdal1997,
  author    = {Joel S. Migdal},
  chapter   = {Studying the State},
  editor    = {Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman},
  pages     = {208-236},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure},
  year      = {1997},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Huntington1968,
  author    = {Samuel P. Huntington},
  publisher = {New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press},
  title     = {Political Order in Changing Societies},
  year      = {1968},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Migdal1988,
  author    = {Joel S. Migdal},
  publisher = {Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press},
  title     = {Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World},
  year      = {1988},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Scott1998,
  author    = {James C. Scott},
  publisher = {New Haven, CT: Yale University Press},
  title     = {Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed},
  year      = {1998},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Barkey1994,
  author    = {Karen Barkey},
  publisher = {Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press},
  title     = {Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization},
  year      = {1994},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Schatzberg2015,
  author    = {Michael G. Schatzberg},
  chapter   = {Transformation and Struggle: Space in Africa},
  editor    = {Till F{\"o}rster and Lucy Loechlin},
  pages     = {25-51},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  title     = {The Politics of Governance},
  year      = {2015},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Weber1946,
  author    = {Max Weber},
  chapter   = {Politics as a Vocation},
  editor    = {H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills},
  pages     = {77-128},
  publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
  title     = {Max Weber: Essays in Sociology},
  year      = {1946},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Collier.Hoeffler2004,
  author  = {Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler},
  journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
  title   = {Greed and Grievance in Civil War},
  year    = {2004},
  pages   = {563-595},
  volume  = {56},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Fearon.Laitin2003,
  author  = {James Fearon and David D. Laitin},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War},
  year    = {2003},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {75-90},
  volume  = {97},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Ross2004,
  author  = {Michael Ross},
  journal = {International Organization},
  title   = {How Does Natural Resource Wealth Influence Civil War?},
  year    = {2004},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {35-67},
  volume  = {58},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Wood2003,
  author    = {Elizabeth Jean Wood},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador},
  year      = {2003},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Kalyvas2006,
  author    = {Stathis Kalyvas},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {The Logic of Violence in Civil War},
  year      = {2006},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Varshney2002,
  author    = {Ashutosh Varshney},
  publisher = {New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press},
  title     = {Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India},
  year      = {2002},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Straus2006,
  author    = {Scott Straus},
  publisher = {Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press},
  title     = {The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda},
  year      = {2006},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Weinstein2007,
  author    = {Jeremy Weinstein},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence},
  year      = {2007},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Staniland2012,
  author  = {Paul Staniland},
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  title   = {States, Insurgents, and Wartime Political Orders},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {243-264},
  volume  = {10},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Wood2008,
  author  = {Elizabeth J. Wood},
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  title   = {The Social Processes of Civil War: The Wartime Transformation of Social Networks},
  year    = {2008},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {539-561},
  volume  = {11},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Straus2015,
  author    = {Scott Straus},
  publisher = {Cornell University Press},
  title     = {Making and Unmaking Nations: War, Leadership, and Genocide in Modern Africa},
  year      = {2015},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Moore1966,
  author    = {Barrington Moore},
  publisher = {Boston: Beacon Press},
  title     = {Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy},
  year      = {1966},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Lijphart1994,
  author    = {Arendt Lijphart},
  publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
  title     = {Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990},
  year      = {1994},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Linz1975,
  author    = {Juan Linz},
  chapter   = {Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes},
  editor    = {Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby},
  pages     = {175-411},
  publisher = {Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley},
  title     = {Handbook of Political Science},
  year      = {1975},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Mill1862,
  author    = {John Stuart Mill},
  publisher = {New York: Harper},
  title     = {Considerations on Representative Government},
  year      = {1862},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Pitkin1967,
  author    = {Hannah Fenichel Pitkin},
  publisher = {Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press},
  title     = {The Concept of Representation},
  year      = {1967},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Huber.Powell1994,
  author  = {John D. Huber and G. Bingham Powell},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Congruence between Citizens and Policymakers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy},
  year    = {1994},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {291-326},
  volume  = {49},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Przeworski1991,
  author    = {Adam Przeworski},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America},
  year      = {1991},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Przeworski.etal1999,
  editor    = {Adam Przeworski and Susan C. Stokes and Bernard Manin},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Democracy, Accountability, and Representation},
  year      = {1999},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Kitschelt.Wilkinson2007,
  author    = {Herbert Kitschelt and Steven Wilkinson},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition},
  year      = {2007},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Przeworski1995,
  author    = {Adam Przeworski},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Sustainable Democracy},
  year      = {1995},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Diamond2002,
  author  = {Larry Diamond},
  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
  title   = {Thinking about Hybrid Regimes},
  year    = {2002},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {21-35},
  volume  = {13},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Bronwlee2007,
  author    = {Jason Bronwlee},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization},
  year      = {2007},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Gandhi2008,
  author    = {Jennifer Gandhi},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Political Institutions under Dictatorship},
  year      = {2008},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Gehlbach.Keefer2011,
  author  = {Scott Gehlbach and Philip Keefer},
  journal = {Journal of Comparative Economics},
  title   = {Investment without Democracy: Ruling-Party Institutionalization and Credible Commitment in Autocracies},
  year    = {2011},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {123-139},
  volume  = {39},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Treir.Jackman2008,
  author  = {Shawn Treir and Simon Jackman},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Democracy as a Latent Variable},
  year    = {2008},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {201-207},
  volume  = {52},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Lindberg.etal2014,
  author  = {Staffan I. Lindberg and Michael Coppedge John Gerring and Jan Teorell},
  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
  title   = {V-Dem: A New Way to Measure Democracy},
  year    = {2014},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {159-169},
  volume  = {25},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Lipset1959,
  author  = {Seymour Martin Lipset},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy},
  year    = {1959},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {69-105},
  volume  = {53},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Boix.Stokes2003,
  author  = {Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Endogenous Democratization},
  year    = {2003},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {517-549},
  volume  = {55},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Rueschemeyer.etal1992,
  author    = {Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Evelyne Huber Stephens and John D. Stephens},
  publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
  title     = {Capitalist Development and Democracy},
  year      = {1992},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Collins1999,
  author    = {Ruth Berins Collins},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Paths Toward Democracy},
  year      = {1999},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Linz.Stepan1996,
  author    = {Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan},
  publisher = {Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press},
  title     = {Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe},
  year      = {1996},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Linz.Stepan1978,
  author    = {Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan},
  publisher = {Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press},
  title     = {The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes},
  year      = {1978},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Carothers2002,
  author  = {Thomas Carothers},
  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
  title   = {The End of the Transition Paradigm},
  year    = {2002},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {5-21},
  volume  = {13},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Levitsky.Way2010,
  author    = {Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War},
  year      = {2010},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Waylen2007,
  author    = {Georgina Waylen},
  publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
  title     = {Engendering Transitions},
  year      = {2007},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Huber.Shipan2002,
  author    = {John D. Huber and Charles R. Shipan},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Deliberate Discretion? The Institutional Foundations of Bureaucratic Autonomy},
  year      = {2002},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Iversen.Soskice2001,
  author  = {Torben Iversen and David Soskice},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {An Asset Theory of Social Policy Preferences},
  year    = {2001},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {875-93},
  volume  = {95},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Alesina.etal1997,
  author    = {Alberto Alesina and Nouriel Roubini and Gerald D. Cohen},
  publisher = {Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press},
  title     = {Political Cycles and the Macroeconomy},
  year      = {1997},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Hall.Soskice2001,
  editor    = {Peter Hall and David Soskice},
  publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
  title     = {Varieties of Capitalism},
  year      = {2001},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Ruggie1982,
  author  = {John Gerrard Ruggie},
  journal = {International Organization},
  title   = {International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order},
  year    = {1982},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {379-415},
  volume  = {36},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Acemoglu.etal2002,
  author  = {Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  title   = {Reversal of Fortune, Geography, and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution},
  year    = {2002},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {1231-1294},
  volume  = {117},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{North.Weingast1989,
  author  = {Douglass C. North and Barry Weingast},
  journal = {Journal of Economic History},
  title   = {Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in 17 th Century England},
  year    = {1989},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {803-832},
  volume  = {69},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Estevez-Abe2006,
  author  = {Margarita Estevez-Abe},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Gendering the Varieties of Capitalism: A Study of Occupational Segregation by Sex in Advanced Industrial Societies},
  year    = {2006},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {142-175},
  volume  = {59},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@TechReport{Ahlquist.Breunig2009,
  author      = {John S. Ahlquist and Christian Breunig},
  institution = {Max Planck Institute for the Study of Social Sciences},
  title       = {Country Clustering in Comparative Political Economy},
  year        = {2009},
  groups      = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Moene.Wallerstein2001,
  author  = {Karl O. Moene and Michael Wallerstein},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Inequality, Social Insurance, and Redistribution},
  year    = {2001},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {859-874},
  volume  = {95},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Rogowski.Kayser2002,
  author  = {Ronald Rogowski and Mark Andreas Kayser},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Majoritarian Electoral Systems and Consumer Power: Price-Level Evidence from the OECD Countries},
  year    = {2002},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {526-529},
  volume  = {46},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Iversen.Soskice2010,
  author  = {Torben Iversen and David Soskice},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Real Exchange Rates and Competitiveness: The Political Economy of Skill Formation, Wage Compression, and Electoral Systems},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {601-623},
  volume  = {104},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Canes-Wrone.Park2012,
  author  = {Brandice Canes-Wrone and Jee-Kwang Park},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Electoral Business Cycles in OECD Countries},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {103-122},
  volume  = {106},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Chavez2008,
  author    = {Rebecca Bill Chavez},
  chapter   = {The Rule of Law and Courts in Democratizing Regimes},
  editor    = {Keith E. Whittington and R. Daniel Kelemen and Gregory A. Caldeira},
  pages     = {67-71},
  publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
  title     = {Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics},
  year      = {2008},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Hilbink2012,
  author  = {Lisa Hilbink},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {The Origins of Positive Judicial Independence},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {587-621},
  volume  = {64},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Cheesman2011,
  author  = {Nick Cheesman},
  journal = {Law \& Society Review},
  title   = {How an Authoritarian Regime in Burma Used Special Courts to Defeat Judicial Independence},
  year    = {2011},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {801-830},
  volume  = {45},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Hirschl2002,
  author    = {Ran Hirschl},
  chapter   = {Beyond the American Experience: The Global Expansion of Judicial Review},
  editor    = {Mark Graber and Michael Perhac},
  pages     = {129-153},
  publisher = {Washington, D.C.: CQ Press},
  title     = {Marbury Versus Madison: Documents and Commentary},
  year      = {2002},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Roesler2007,
  author  = {Shannon Roesler},
  journal = {Law \& Social Inquiry},
  title   = {Permutations of Judicial Power: The New Constitutionalism and the Expansion of Judicial Authority},
  year    = {2007},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {545-579},
  volume  = {32},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Solomon1987,
  author  = {Peter H. Solomon},
  journal = {Soviet Studies},
  title   = {The Case of the Vanishing Acquittal: Informal Norms and the Practice of Soviet Criminal Justice},
  year    = {1987},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {531-555},
  volume  = {39},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Solomon2007,
  author  = {Peter H. Solomon},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Courts and Judges in Authoritarian Regimes},
  year    = {2007},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {122-145},
  volume  = {60},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Teitel2002,
  author    = {Ruti G. Teitel},
  publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
  title     = {Transitional Justice},
  year      = {2002},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Tyler2006,
  author    = {Tom R. Tyler},
  publisher = {Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press},
  title     = {Why People Obey the Law},
  year      = {2006},
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}

@Book{Merryman.Perez-Perdomo2007,
  author    = {John H. Merryman and Rogelio Perez-Perdomo},
  publisher = {Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press},
  title     = {The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America},
  year      = {2007},
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@Article{Quraishi2008,
  author  = {Asifa Quraishi},
  journal = {Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern \& Islamic Law},
  title   = {Who Says Shari'a Demands the Stoning of Women? A Description of Islamic Law and Constitutionalism},
  year    = {2008},
  pages   = {163-177},
  volume  = {1},
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@Article{Felstiner.etal1981,
  author  = {William L.F. Felstiner and Richard L. Abel and Austin Sarat},
  journal = {Law \& Society Review},
  title   = {The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming},
  year    = {1981},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {631-654},
  volume  = {15},
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@Article{Ginsburg2011,
  author  = {Tom Ginsburg},
  journal = {Hague Journal on the Rule of Law},
  title   = {Pitfalls of Measuring the Rule of Law},
  year    = {2011},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {269-280},
  volume  = {3},
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@Article{Hendley2011,
  author  = {Kathryn Hendley},
  journal = {Law and Social Inquiry},
  title   = {Resolving Problems among Neighbors in Post-Soviet Russia: Uncovering the Norms of the Pod'ezd},
  year    = {2011},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {388-418},
  volume  = {36},
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@Article{Hendley2016,
  author  = {Kathryn Hendley},
  journal = {Post-Soviet Affairs},
  title   = {Justice in Moscow?},
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@Article{Riker1980,
  author  = {William H. Riker},
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  title   = {Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions},
  year    = {1980},
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@Article{Shepsle.Weingast1981,
  author  = {Kenneth A. Shepsle and Barry R. Weingast},
  journal = {Public Choice},
  title   = {Structure-Induced Equilibrium and Legislative Choice},
  year    = {1981},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {503-519},
  volume  = {37},
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@InBook{Hall.Taylor1998,
  author    = {Peter A. Hall and Rosemary C. R. Taylor},
  chapter   = {Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms},
  editor    = {Karol Soltan and Eric M. Uslaner and Virginia Haufler},
  pages     = {15-44},
  publisher = {Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press},
  title     = {Institutions and Social Order},
  year      = {1998},
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@Article{Meyer.Rowan1977,
  author  = {John Meyer and Brian Rowan},
  journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  title   = {Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony},
  year    = {1977},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {340-363},
  volume  = {83},
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@Book{March.Olsen1989,
  author    = {James G. March and Johan P. Olsen},
  publisher = {New York: Free Press},
  title     = {Rediscovering Institutions},
  year      = {1989},
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@InBook{March.Olsen2006,
  author    = {James G. March and Johan P. Olsen},
  chapter   = {The Logic of Appropriateness},
  editor    = {Martin Rein and Michael Moran and Robert E. Goodin},
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  publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
  title     = {The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy},
  year      = {2006},
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@Article{Moe2005,
  author  = {Terry M. Moe},
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  title   = {Power and Political Institutions},
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  number  = {2},
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  volume  = {3},
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}

@Book{Ostrom1990,
  author    = {Elinor Ostrom},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action},
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@InBook{Ringe.Victor2013,
  author    = {Nils Ringe and Jennifer N. Victor},
  chapter   = {Solutions to Informational Collective Action Dilemmas: Theorizing the Benefits of Legislative Member Organizations},
  editor    = {Nils Ringe and Jennifer N. Victor and Christopher J. Carman},
  publisher = {Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press},
  title     = {Bridging the Information Gap: Legislative Member Organizations as Social Networks in the United States and the European Union},
  year      = {2013},
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@InBook{Katznelson.Weingast2005,
  author    = {Ira Katznelson and Barry R. Weingast},
  chapter   = {Intersections between Historical and Rational Choice Institutionalism},
  editor    = {Ira Katznelson and Barry R. Weingast},
  pages     = {1-24},
  publisher = {New York: Russell Sage},
  title     = {Preferences and Situations: Points of Intersection between Historical and Rational Choice Institutionalism},
  year      = {2005},
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@Book{North1990,
  author    = {Douglass C. North},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance},
  year      = {1990},
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@Article{Carey2000,
  author  = {John M. Carey},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  title   = {Parchment, Equilibria, and Institutions},
  year    = {2000},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {735-761},
  volume  = {33},
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@Article{Greif.Laitin2004,
  author  = {Avner Greif and David Laitin},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {A Theory of Endogenous Institutional Change},
  year    = {2004},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {633-652},
  volume  = {98},
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@Article{Pierson1996,
  author  = {Paul Pierson},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  title   = {The Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Perspective},
  year    = {1996},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {123-163},
  volume  = {29},
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@Article{Tsebelis1995,
  author  = {George Tsebelis},
  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism, and Multipartyism},
  year    = {1995},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {289-325},
  volume  = {25},
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@Book{Ordeshook.etal2004,
  author    = {Peter C. Ordeshook and Mikhail Filippov and Olga Shvetsova},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Designing Federalism: A Theory of Self-Sustainable Federal Institutions},
  year      = {2004},
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}

@Book{Kornai1992,
  author    = {Janos Kornai},
  publisher = {Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press},
  title     = {The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism.},
  year      = {1992},
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@Article{Rodrik1996,
  author  = {Dani Rodrik},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  title   = {Understanding Economic Policy Reform},
  year    = {1996},
  number  = {1},
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  volume  = {34},
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@Article{Roland2002,
  author  = {Gerard Roland},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  title   = {The Political Economy of Transition},
  year    = {2002},
  number  = {1},
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  volume  = {16},
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@InBook{Gehlbach.Malesky2013,
  author    = {Scott Gehlbach and Edmund J. Malesky},
  chapter   = {The Grand Experiment That Wasn't? New Institutional Economics and the Postcommunist Experience},
  editor    = {Sebastian Galiani and Itai Sened},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Institutions, Property Rights, and Economic Growth: The Legacy of Douglass North},
  year      = {2013},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Bates1981,
  author    = {Robert H. Bates},
  publisher = {Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press},
  title     = {Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies},
  year      = {1981},
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@Article{Hellman1998,
  author  = {Joel Hellman},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist Transitions},
  year    = {1998},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {203-234},
  volume  = {50},
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@Article{Geddes1991,
  author  = {Barbara Geddes},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {A Game Theoretic Model of Reform in Latin American Democracies},
  year    = {1991},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {371-391},
  volume  = {85},
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@Book{Haggard.Kaufman1995,
  author    = {Stephen Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman},
  publisher = {Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press},
  title     = {The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions},
  year      = {1995},
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@Article{Shleifer1997,
  author  = {Andrei Shleifer},
  journal = {European Economic Review},
  title   = {Government in Transition},
  year    = {1997},
  number  = {3},
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  volume  = {41},
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@Article{Gallagher2002,
  author  = {Mary Gallagher},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Reform and Openness: Why China's Economic Reforms Have Delayed Democracy},
  year    = {2002},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {338-372},
  volume  = {54},
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@Article{Denisova.etal2009,
  author  = {Irina Denisova and Markus Eller and Timothy Frye and Ekaterina V. Zhuravskaya.},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Who Wants to Revise Privatization? The Complementarity of Market Skills and Institutions},
  year    = {2009},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {284-304},
  volume  = {103},
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@Book{Frye2000,
  author    = {Timothy Frye},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Building States and Markets After Communism: The Perils of Polarized Democracy},
  year      = {2000},
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@Article{Brown.etal2009,
  author  = {J. David Brown and John S. Earle and Scott Gehlbach.},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Helping Hand or Grabbing Hand? State Bureaucracy and Privatization Effectiveness},
  year    = {2009},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {264-283},
  volume  = {103},
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@Article{Bates.Block2013,
  author  = {Robert H. Bates and Steven A. Block},
  journal = {Journal of Politics},
  title   = {Revisiting African Agriculture: Institutional Change and Productivity Growth},
  year    = {2013},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {372-384},
  volume  = {75},
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}

@Article{Earle.GehlbachAmericanJournalofPoliticalScience,
  author  = {John S. Earle and Scott Gehlbach},
  journal = {2015},
  title   = {The Productivity Consequences of Political Turnover: Firm-Level Evidence from Ukraine's Orange Revolution},
  year    = {American Journal of Political Science},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {708-723},
  volume  = {59},
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}

@Article{Acemoglu.etal2001,
  author        = {Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson},
  journal       = {American Economic Review,},
  title         = {The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation},
  year          = {2001},
  number        = {5},
  pages         = {1369-1401},
  volume        = {91},
  date-modified = {2020-05-17 11:12:52 -0500},
  groups        = {Anton:6},
}

@TechReport{Engerman.Sokoloff2002,
  author      = {Stanley L. Engerman and Kenneth L. Sokoloff},
  institution = {NBER Working Paper 9259},
  title       = {Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development Among New World Economies},
  year        = {2002},
  groups      = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Banerjee.Iyer2005,
  author  = {Abhijit Banerjee and Lakshmi Iyer},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  title   = {History, Institutions and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India},
  year    = {2005},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {1190-1213},
  volume  = {95},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Greif2006,
  author    = {Avner Greif},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade},
  year      = {2006},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Wade2003,
  author    = {Robert Wade},
  publisher = {Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press},
  title     = {Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization},
  year      = {2003},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Chattopadhyay.Duflo2004,
  author  = {Raghabendra Chattopadhyay and Esther Duflo},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  title   = {Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India},
  year    = {2004},
  number  = {5},
  pages   = {1409-1433},
  volume  = {72},
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}

@Article{Alesina.Ferrara2005,
  author  = {Alberto Alesina and Elianan La Ferrara},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  title   = {Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance},
  year    = {2005},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {762-800},
  volume  = {43},
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}

@Article{Ross2001,
  author  = {Michael Ross},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Does Oil Hinder Democracy?},
  year    = {2001},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {326-361},
  volume  = {53},
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@InBook{Fearon1999,
  author    = {James Fearon},
  chapter   = {Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians: Selecting Good Types versus Sanctioning Poor Performance},
  editor    = {Bernard Manin and Adam Przeworski and Susan Stokes},
  pages     = {55-97},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Democracy, Accountability, and Representation},
  year      = {1999},
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@Article{Besley.Burgess2002,
  author  = {Timothy Besley and Robin Burgess},
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  title   = {The Political Economy of Government Responsiveness: Theory and Evidence from India},
  year    = {2002},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {1415-1451},
  volume  = {117},
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}

@Book{Gerschenkron1962,
  author    = {Alexander Gerschenkron},
  publisher = {Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press},
  title     = {Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays},
  year      = {1962},
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@Book{Shleifer.Vishny1998,
  author    = {Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny},
  publisher = {Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press},
  title     = {The Grabbing Hand: Government Pathologies and their Cures},
  year      = {1998},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{North1981,
  author    = {Douglass C. North},
  publisher = {New York: W. W. Norton},
  title     = {Structure and Change in Economic History},
  year      = {1981},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
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@Book{Sen1999,
  author    = {Amartya Sen},
  publisher = {New York: Alfred A. Knopf},
  title     = {Development as Freedom},
  year      = {1999},
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@InBook{Lerner1958,
  author    = {Daniel Lerner},
  chapter   = {The Grocer and the Chief: A Parable},
  publisher = {London: Glencoe Collier Macmillan},
  title     = {The Passing of Traditional: Society Modernizing the Middle East},
  year      = {1958},
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@Book{North.etal2009,
  author    = {Douglass C. North and John Joseph Wallis and Barry R. Weingast},
  publisher = {Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.},
  title     = {Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Recorded Human History},
  year      = {2009},
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}

@Article{Dell2010,
  author  = {Melissa Dell},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  title   = {The persistent effects of Peru's mining mita},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {1863-1903},
  volume  = {78},
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}

@Article{Stasavage2014,
  author  = {David Stasavage},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Was Weber Right? The Role of Urban Autonomy in Europe's Rise},
  year    = {2014},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {337-354},
  volume  = {108},
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}

@InBook{Acemoglu.etal2008,
  author    = {Daron Acemoglu and Mar{\'\i}a Ang{\'e}lica Bautista and Pablo Querub{\'\i}n and James A. Robinson},
  chapter   = {Economic and Political Inequality in Development: The Case of Cundinamarca, Colombia},
  editor    = {E. Helpman},
  publisher = {Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.},
  title     = {Institutions and Economic Performance},
  year      = {2008},
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}

@Article{Glaeser.etal2004,
  author  = {Edward L. Glaeser and Rafael La Porta and Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes and Andrei Shleifer},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
  title   = {Do Institutions Cause Growth?},
  year    = {2004},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {271-303},
  volume  = {9},
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}

@Article{Miller2008,
  author  = {Grant Miller},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  title   = {Women's Suffrage, Political Responsiveness, and Child Survival in American History},
  year    = {2008},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {1287-1327},
  volume  = {123},
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}

@Article{Fujiwara2015,
  author  = {Thomas Fujiwara},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  title   = {Voting Technology, Political Responsiveness, and Infant Health: Evidence From Brazil},
  year    = {2015},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {423-464},
  volume  = {83},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Harding.Stasavage2014,
  author  = {Robin Harding and David Stasavage},
  journal = {The Journal of Politics},
  title   = {What Democracy Does (and Doesn't do) for Basic Services: School Fees, School Inputs, and African Elections},
  year    = {2014},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {229-245},
  volume  = {76},
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}

@Article{Boas.etal2014,
  author  = {Taylor C. Boas and F. Daniel Hidalgo and Neal P. Richardson},
  journal = {The Journal of Politics},
  title   = {The Spoils of Victory: Campaign Donations and. Government Contracts in Brazil},
  year    = {2014},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {415-429},
  volume  = {76},
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}

@Article{Fisman.Miguel2007,
  author  = {Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  title   = {Corruption, Norms, and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets},
  year    = {2007},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {1020-1048},
  volume  = {115},
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}

@Article{Cole.etal2012,
  author  = {Shawn Cole and Andrew Healy and Eric Werker},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  title   = {Do Voters Demand Responsive Governments? Evidence from Indian Disaster Relief},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {167-181},
  volume  = {97},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Ramsay2011,
  author  = {Kristopher W. Ramsay},
  journal = {International Organization},
  title   = {Revisiting the Resource Curse: Natural Disasters, the Price of Oil, and Democracy},
  year    = {2011},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {507-529},
  volume  = {65},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Ahmed2012,
  author  = {Faisal Z. Ahmed},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {The Perils of Unearned Foreign Income: Aid, Remittances, and Government Survival},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {146-165},
  volume  = {106},
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}

@Article{Habyarimana.etal2007,
  author  = {James Habyarimana and Macartan Humphreys and Daniel Posner and Jeremy Weinstein},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision?},
  year    = {2007},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {709-725},
  volume  = {101},
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}

@Article{Kasara2007,
  author  = {Kimuli Kasara},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Tax me if you can: Ethnic geography, democracy, and the taxation of agriculture in Africa},
  year    = {2007},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {159-172},
  volume  = {101},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Chen2010b,
  author  = {Daniel L. Chen},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  title   = {Club goods and group identity: Evidence from Islamic resurgence during the Indonesian financial crisis},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {300-354},
  volume  = {118},
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}

@Article{Kuran1989,
  author  = {Timur Kuran},
  journal = {Public Choice},
  title   = {Sparks and prairie fires: A theory of unanticipated political revolution},
  year    = {1989},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {41-74},
  volume  = {61},
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@Article{Jones.Olken2005,
  author  = {Benjamin F. Jones and Benjamin A. Olken},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  title   = {Do Leaders Matter? National Leadership and Growth Since World War II},
  year    = {2005},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {835-864},
  volume  = {120},
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}

@Article{Humphreys.etal2006,
  author  = {Macartan Humphreys and William A. Masters and Martin E. Sandbu},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {The Role of Leaders in Democratic Deliberations: Results from a Field Experiment in S{\~a}o Tom{\'e} and Pr{\'\i}ncipe},
  year    = {2006},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {583-622},
  volume  = {58},
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}

@Article{Rajan2009,
  author  = {Raghuram G. Rajan},
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
  title   = {Rent Preservation and the Persistence of Underdevelopment},
  year    = {2009},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {178-218},
  volume  = {1},
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}

@Article{Bo.etal2009,
  author  = {Ernesto Dal B{\'o} and Pedro Dal B{\'o} and Jason Snyder},
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  title   = {Political Dynasties},
  year    = {2009},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {115-142},
  volume  = {76},
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}

@InBook{Knights2009,
  author    = {Mark Knights},
  chapter   = {Participation and representation before democracy: petitions and addresses in premodern Britain},
  editor    = {Ian Shapiro and Susan C. Stokes and Elisabeth Jean Wood and Alexander S. Kirshner},
  pages     = {35-60},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Political Participation},
  year      = {2009},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Fowler2013,
  author  = {Anthony Fowler},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Electoral and Policy Consequences of Voter Turnout: Evidence from Compulsory Voting in Australia},
  year    = {2013},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {159-182},
  volume  = {8},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Stratmann.Aparicio2006,
  author  = {Thomas Stratmann and Francisco J. Castillo Aparicio},
  journal = {Public Choice},
  title   = {Competition policy for elections: Do campaign contribution limits matter?},
  year    = {2006},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {177-206},
  volume  = {127},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Gerber1998a,
  author  = {Alan Gerber},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Estimating the Effect of Campaign Spending on Senate Election Outcomes Using Instrumental Variables},
  year    = {1998},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {401-411},
  volume  = {92},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Levitt1994,
  author  = {Steven D. Levitt},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  title   = {Using Repeat Challengers to Estimate the Effect of Campaign Spending on Election Outcomes in the U.S. House},
  year    = {1994},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {777-798},
  volume  = {102},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Ferreira.Gyourko2014,
  author  = {Fernando Ferreira and Joseph Gyourko},
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  title   = {Does gender matter for political leadership? The case of US mayors},
  year    = {2014},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {24-39},
  volume  = {112},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Hansford.Gomez2010,
  author  = {Thomas G. Hansford and Brad T. Gomez},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {Estimating the Electoral Effects of Voter Turnout},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {268-288},
  volume  = {104},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Martin2003,
  author  = {Paul S. Martin},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Voting's Rewards: Voter Turnout, Attentive Publics, and Congressional Allocation of Federal Money},
  year    = {2003},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {110-127},
  volume  = {47},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Kudamatsu2012,
  author  = {Masayuki Kudamatsu},
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  title   = {Has Democratization Reduced Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Micro Data},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {1294-1317},
  volume  = {10},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Kasara.Suryanarayan2015,
  author  = {Kimuli Kasara and Pavithra Suryanarayan},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {When Do the Rich Vote Less Than the Poor and Why? Explaining Turnout Inequality across the World},
  year    = {2015},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {613-627},
  volume  = {59},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Carnes.Lupu2015,
  author  = {Nicholas Carnes and Noam Lupu},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America},
  year    = {2015},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {1-18},
  volume  = {59},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Bartels2008,
  author    = {Larry M. Bartels},
  publisher = {Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press},
  title     = {Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age},
  year      = {2008},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Brunner.etal2013,
  author  = {Eric Brunner and Stephen L. Ross and Ebonya Washington},
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
  title   = {Does Less Income Mean Less Representation?},
  year    = {2013},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {53-76},
  volume  = {5},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Samuels.Snyder2001,
  author  = {David Samuels and Richard Snyder},
  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {The Value of a Vote: Malapportionment in Comparative Perspective},
  year    = {2001},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {651-671},
  volume  = {31},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Butler.Brookman2011,
  author  = {Daniel M. Butler and David E. Brookman},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators},
  year    = {2011},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {463-477},
  volume  = {55},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Golder.Stramski2010,
  author  = {Matt Golder and Jacek Stramski},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Ideological Congruence and Electoral Institutions: Conceptualization and Measurement},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {90-106},
  volume  = {54},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Achen1978,
  author  = {Christopher Achen},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Measuring Representation},
  year    = {1978},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {475-510},
  volume  = {22},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Luna.Zechmeister2005,
  author  = {Juan P. Luna and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  title   = {Political Representation in Latin America: A Study of Elite-Mass Congruence in Nine Countries},
  year    = {2005},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {388-416},
  volume  = {38},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Kotkin2008,
  author    = {Stephen Kotkin},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  title     = {Armageddon Averted: the Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000},
  year      = {2008},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Jowitt1993,
  author    = {Ken Jowitt},
  publisher = {University of California Press},
  title     = {New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction},
  year      = {1993},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Kornai2006,
  author  = {Janos Kornai},
  journal = {Economics of Transition},
  title   = {The Great Transformation of Central Eastern Europe},
  year    = {2006},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {207-244},
  volume  = {14},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Bernstein2013,
  author    = {Thomas Bernstein},
  chapter   = {Resilience and Collapse in China and the Soviet Union},
  editor    = {Martin K. Dimitrov},
  pages     = {40-66},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe},
  year      = {2013},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Tismaneanu2013,
  author    = {Vladimir Tismaneanu},
  chapter   = {Ideological Erosion and the Breakdown of Communist Regimes},
  editor    = {Martin K. Dimitrov},
  pages     = {67-98},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe},
  year      = {2013},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Darden.Grzymala-Busse2006,
  author  = {Keith Darden and Anna Grzymala-Busse},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {The Great Divide: Precommunist Schooling and Postcommunist Trajectories},
  year    = {2006},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {83-115},
  volume  = {59},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Lankina2012,
  author  = {Tomila Lankina},
  journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
  title   = {Unbroken Links? From Imperial Human Capital to Post-Communist Modernisation},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {623-643},
  volume  = {64},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Kotkin.Beissinger2014,
  author    = {Stephen Kotkin and Mark R. Beissinger},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Historical Legacies of Communism in Russia and Eastern Europe},
  year      = {2014},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Grzymala-Busse.Luong2002,
  author  = {Anna Grzymala-Busse and Pauline Jones Luong},
  journal = {Politics \& Society},
  title   = {Reconceptualizing the State: Lessons from Post-Communism},
  year    = {2002},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {529-554},
  volume  = {30},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Taylor2011,
  author    = {Brian D. Taylor},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {State Building in Putin's Russia: Policing and Coercion after Communism},
  year      = {2011},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Mendras2012,
  author    = {Marie Mendras},
  publisher = {Columbia University Press},
  title     = {Russian Politics: The Paradox of a Weak State},
  year      = {2012},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Grzymala-Busse2007,
  author  = {Anna Grzymala-Busse},
  journal = {East European Politics and Societies},
  title   = {Encouraging Effective Democratic Competition},
  year    = {2007},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {91-110},
  volume  = {21},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Gehlbach2008,
  author  = {Scott Gehlbach},
  journal = {Czech Sociological Review},
  title   = {What is a Big Bureaucracy? Reflections on Rebuilding Leviathan and Runaway State-Building},
  year    = {2008},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {1189-1197},
  volume  = {44},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Johnson2001,
  author  = {Juliet Johnson},
  journal = {Comparative Politics},
  title   = {Path Contingency in Postcommunist Transformations},
  year    = {2001},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {253-274},
  volume  = {33},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Ganev2001,
  author  = {Venelin I. Ganev},
  journal = {Communist and Post-Communist Studies},
  title   = {The Dorian Gray Effect: Winners as State Breakers in Postcommunism},
  year    = {2001},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {1-25},
  volume  = {34},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Barnes2003,
  author  = {Andrew Barnes},
  journal = {East European Politics and Societies},
  title   = {Comparative Theft: Context and Choice in the Hungarian, Czech, and Russian Transformations},
  year    = {2003},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {533-565},
  volume  = {17},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Gans-Morse2012,
  author  = {Jordan Gans-Morse},
  journal = {Post-Soviet Affairs},
  title   = {Threats to Property Rights in Russia: From Private Coercion to State Aggression},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {263-295},
  volume  = {28},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Ledeneva2013,
  author    = {Alena V. Ledeneva},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Can Russia Modernise? Sistema, Power Networks and Informal Governance},
  year      = {2013},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Way2005,
  author  = {Lucan A. Way},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Authoritarian State-Building and the Source of Regime Competitiveness in the Fourth Wave},
  year    = {2005},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {231-261},
  volume  = {57},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Sperling2014,
  author    = {Valerie Sperling},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  title     = {Sex, Politics, and Putin: Political Legitimacy in Russia},
  year      = {2014},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Pop-Eleches2010,
  author  = {Grigore Pop-Eleches},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Throwing Out the Bums: Protest Voting and Unorthodox Parties after Communism},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {221-260},
  volume  = {62},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Grzymala-Busse2013,
  author  = {Anna Grzymala-Busse},
  journal = {Party Politics},
  title   = {Why there is (Almost) no Christian Democracy in Post-Communist Europe},
  year    = {2013},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {319-342},
  volume  = {19},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Powell.Tucker2014,
  author  = {Eleanor N. Powell and Joshua A. Tucker},
  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Revisiting electoral volatility in post-communist countries: new data, new results and new approaches},
  year    = {2014},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {123-147},
  volume  = {44},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Beissinger2007,
  author  = {Mark Beissinger},
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  title   = {Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions},
  year    = {2007},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {259-276},
  volume  = {5},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Finkel.Brudny2012,
  author  = {Evgeny Finkel and Yitzhak M. Brudny},
  journal = {Democratization},
  title   = {No More Colour! Authoritarian Regimes and Colour Revolutions in Eurasia},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {1-14},
  volume  = {19},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Howard2002,
  author  = {Marc Morje Howard},
  journal = {Journal of Democracy},
  title   = {The Weakness of Postcommunist Civil Society},
  year    = {2002},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {157-169},
  volume  = {13},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Radnitz2010,
  author    = {Scott Radnitz},
  publisher = {Cornell University Press},
  title     = {Weapons of the Wealthy: Predatory Regimes and Elite-Led Protests in Central Asia},
  year      = {2010},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Finkel2015,
  author  = {Evgeny Finkel},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  title   = {The Phoenix Effect of State Repression: Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust},
  year    = {2015},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {339-353},
  volume  = {109},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Lankina.Voznaya2015,
  author  = {Tomila Lankina and Alisa Voznaya},
  journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
  title   = {New Data on Protest Trends in Russia's Regions},
  year    = {2015},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {327-342},
  volume  = {67},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Smyth.Oates2015,
  author  = {Regina Smyth and Sarah Oates},
  journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
  title   = {Mind the Gaps: Media Use and Mass Action in Russia},
  year    = {2015},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {285-305},
  volume  = {67},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Suny2001,
  author  = {Ronald Grigor Suny},
  journal = {The Journal of Modern History},
  title   = {Constructing primordialism: Old histories for new nations},
  year    = {2001},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {862-896},
  volume  = {73},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Giuliano2006,
  author  = {Elise Giuliano},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Secessionism from the bottom up: democratization, nationalism, and local accountability in the Russian transition},
  year    = {2006},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {276-310},
  volume  = {58},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Herrera2010,
  author    = {Yoshiko M. Herrera},
  chapter   = {Imagined Economies: Constructivist Political Economy, Nationalism and Economic-Based Sovereignty Movements in Russia},
  editor    = {Rawi Abdelal and Mark Blyth and Craig Parsons},
  pages     = {114-133},
  publisher = {Cornell University Press},
  title     = {Constructing the International Economy},
  year      = {2010},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Herrera2010a,
  author    = {Yoshiko M. Herrera},
  publisher = {Cornell University Press},
  title     = {Mirrors of the Economy: National Accounts and International Norms in Russia and Beyond},
  year      = {2010},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Herrera2004,
  author    = {Yoshiko M. Herrera},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Imagined Economies: The Sources of Russian Regionalism},
  year      = {2004},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Herrera.Kraus2013,
  author    = {Yoshiko M. Herrera and Nicole B. Kraus},
  chapter   = {National Identity and Xenophobia in Russia: Opportunities for Regional Analysis},
  editor    = {William M. Reisinger},
  pages     = {102-119},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  title     = {Russia's Regions and Comparative Subnational Politics},
  year      = {2013},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Gehlbach2008a,
  author    = {Scott Gehlbach},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Representation Through Taxation: Revenue, Politics, and Development in Postcommunist States},
  year      = {2008},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Vujacic2007,
  author  = {Veljko Vujacic},
  journal = {Post-Soviet Affairs},
  title   = {Stalinism and Russian Nationalism: A Reconceptualization},
  year    = {2007},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {156-183},
  volume  = {23},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Laruelle2014,
  author  = {Marlene Laruelle},
  journal = {Post-Soviet Affairs},
  title   = {Alexei Navalny and Challenges in Reconciling "Nationalism" and "Liberalism"},
  year    = {2014},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {276-297},
  volume  = {30},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Hendley2009,
  author  = {Kathryn Hendley},
  journal = {Hague Journal on the Rule of Law},
  title   = {'Telephone Law' and the 'Rule of Law': The Russian Case},
  year    = {2009},
  pages   = {241-262},
  volume  = {1},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Popova2010,
  author  = {Maria Popova},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  title   = {Political Competition as an Obstacle to Judicial Independence: Evidence From Russia and Ukraine},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {10},
  pages   = {1202-1229},
  volume  = {43},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Nalepa2010,
  author  = {Monika Nalepa},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Captured Commitments: An Analytic Narrative of Transitions with Transitional Justice},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {341-380},
  volume  = {62},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{McCarthy2015,
  author    = {Lauren McCarthy},
  publisher = {Cornell University Press},
  title     = {Trafficking Justice: How Russian Police Enforce New Laws, from Crime to Courtroom},
  year      = {2015},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Hamm.etal2012,
  author  = {Patrick Hamm and Lawrence P. King and David Stuckler},
  journal = {American Sociological Review},
  title   = {Mass privatization, state capacity, and economic growth in post-communist countries},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {295-324},
  volume  = {77},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Denisova.etal2012,
  author  = {Irina Denisova and Markus Eller and Timothy Frye and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya},
  journal = {Journal of Comparative Economics},
  title   = {Everyone hates privatization, but why? Survey evidence from 28 post-communist countries},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {44-61},
  volume  = {40},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Markus2012,
  author  = {Stanislav Markus},
  journal = {World Politics},
  title   = {Secure property as a bottom-up process: Firms, stakeholders, and predators in weak states},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {242-277},
  volume  = {64},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Luong.Weinthal2010,
  author    = {Pauline Jones Luong and Erika Weinthal},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Oil Is Not a Curse: Ownership Structure and Institutions in Soviet Successor States},
  year      = {2010},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Rithmire2015,
  author    = {Meg Rithmire},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Land Bargains and Chinese Capitalism: The Politics of Property Rights under Reform},
  year      = {2015},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Cook2007,
  author    = {Linda J. Cook},
  publisher = {Cornell University Press},
  title     = {Postcommunist Welfare States: Reform Politics in Russia and Eastern Europe},
  year      = {2007},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Guriev.Zhuravskaya2009,
  author  = {Sergei Guriev and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  title   = {(Un)Happiness in Transition},
  year    = {2009},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {143-168},
  volume  = {23},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Gerber.Mayorova2010,
  author  = {Theodore P. Gerber and Olga Mayorova},
  journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  title   = {Getting personal: Networks and stratification in the Russian labor market, 1985--2001},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {855-908},
  volume  = {116},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Remington2015,
  author  = {Thomas F. Remington},
  journal = {Communist and Post-Communist Studies},
  title   = {Why is interregional inequality in Russia and China not falling?},
  year    = {2015},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {1-13},
  volume  = {48},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Zavisca.Gerber2016,
  author  = {Jane R. Zavisca and Theodore P. Gerber},
  journal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
  title   = {The Socioeconomic, Demographic, and Political Effects of Housing in Comparative Perspective},
  year    = {2016},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {347-367},
  volume  = {42},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Darden2009,
  author    = {Keith Darden},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Economic Liberalism and Its Rivals: The Formation of International Institutions among the Post-Soviet States},
  year      = {2009},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Book{Wengle2015,
  author    = {Susanne Wengle},
  publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Post-Soviet Power: State-led Development and Russia's Marketization},
  year      = {2015},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Unpublished{Taylor2000,
  author = {Wayne A. Taylor},
  note   = {Web: http://www.variation.com/cpa/tech/changepoint.html},
  title  = {Change-Point Analysis: A Powerful New Tool For Detecting Changes},
  year   = {2000},
  groups = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Western.Kleykamp2004,
  author  = {Bruce Western and Meredith Kleykamp},
  journal = {Political Analysis},
  title   = {A Bayesian Change Point Model for Historical Time Series Analysis},
  year    = {2004},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {354-374},
  volume  = {12},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Park2010,
  author  = {Jong Hee Park},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {Structural Change in U.S. Presidents' Use of Force},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {766-782},
  volume  = {54},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Blei2012,
  author  = {David M. Blei},
  journal = {Communications of the ACM},
  title   = {Probabilistic Topic Models},
  year    = {2012},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {77-84},
  volume  = {55},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
}

@InBook{Airoldi.etal2014,
  author    = {Edoardo M. Airoldi and David Blei and Elena A. Erosheva and Stephen E. Fienberg},
  chapter   = {Introduction to Mixed Membership Models and Methods},
  editor    = {Edoardo M. Airoldi and David Blei and Elena A. Erosheva and Stephen E. Fienberg},
  pages     = {3-13},
  publisher = {Chapman and Hall/CRC},
  title     = {Handbook of Mixed Membership Models and Their Applications},
  year      = {2014},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@Article{Wilkerson.Casas2017,
  author  = {John Wilkerson and Andreu Casas},
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  title   = {Large-Scale Computerized Text Analysis in Political Science: Opportunities and Challenges},
  year    = {2017},
  pages   = {529-544},
  volume  = {20},
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@InProceedings{Hall.etal2008,
  author    = {David Hall and Daniel Jurafsky and Christopher D. Manning},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  title     = {Studying the History of Ideas Using Topic Models},
  year      = {2008},
  pages     = {363-371},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
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@Article{Grimmer.Stewart2013,
  author  = {Justin Grimmer and Brandon M. Stewart},
  journal = {Political Analysis},
  title   = {Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts},
  year    = {2013},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {267-297},
  volume  = {21},
  groups  = {Anton:6},
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@InProceedings{Wang.McCallum2006,
  author    = {Xuerui Wang and Andrew McCallum},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining},
  title     = {Topics over Time: A Non-Markov Continuous-Time Model of Topical Trends},
  year      = {2006},
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@Article{Griffiths.Steyvers2004,
  author  = {Thomas L. Griffiths and Mark Steyvers},
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  year    = {2004},
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  volume  = {101},
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@Article{Teh.etal2006,
  author  = {Yee Whye Teh and Michael I. Jordan and Matthew J. Beal and David M. Blei},
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@Article{Blei.etal2010,
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  number  = {2},
  volume  = {57},
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@InProceedings{Caron.etal2007,
  author    = {Fran{\c c}ois Caron and Manuel Davy and Arnaud Doucet},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence},
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  year      = {2007},
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@InProceedings{Rosen-Zvi.etal2004,
  author    = {Michal Rosen-Zvi and Thomas Griffiths and Mark Steyvers and Padhraic Smyth},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence},
  title     = {The Author-Topic Model for Authors and Documents},
  year      = {2004},
  pages     = {487-494},
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@InProceedings{Wang.etal2009,
  author    = {Chong Wang and Bo Thiesson and Christopher Meek and David Blei},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics},
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  year      = {2009},
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}

@InProceedings{Newman.etal2006,
  author    = {David Newman and Chaitanya Chemudugunta and Padhraic Smyth and Mark Steyvers},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining},
  title     = {Statistical Entity-Topic Models},
  year      = {2006},
  pages     = {680-686},
  groups    = {Anton:6},
}

@InProceedings{Blei.McAuliffe2007,
  author    = {David M. Blei and Jon D. McAuliffe},
  booktitle = {Neural Information Processing Systems},
  title     = {Supervised Topic Models},
  year      = {2007},
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@InBook{Tsai2013,
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  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe},
  year      = {2013},
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@Article{Tavits.Letki2009,
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@Article{Mishler.Rose2007,
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@InCollection{Zhang.etal2011,
  author     = {Xianxing Zhang and Lawrence Carin and David B. Dunson},
  booktitle  = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 24},
  publisher  = {Curran Associates, Inc.},
  title      = {Hierarchical Topic Modeling for Analysis of Time-Evolving Personal Choices},
  year       = {2011},
  editor     = {J. Shawe-Taylor and R. S. Zemel and P. L. Bartlett and F. Pereira and K. Q. Weinberger},
  pages      = {1395--1403},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/4431-hierarchical-topic-modeling-for-analysis-of-time-evolving-personal-choices.pdf},
  groups     = {Anton:6},
  url        = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/4431-hierarchical-topic-modeling-for-analysis-of-time-evolving-personal-choices.pdf},
}

@Article{Kobayashi.Saga2016,
  author  = {Hiroshi Kobayashi and Ryosuke Saga},
  journal = {Artificial Life and Robotics},
  title   = {Finding division points for a time series corpus based on structural change point detection},
  year    = {2016},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {160-164},
  volume  = {21},
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@Article{Bai.Perron2003,
  author  = {Jushan Bai and Pierre Perron},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
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@Article{Bisgin.etal2013,
  author  = {Halil Bisgin and Minjun Chen and Yuping Wang and Reagan Kelly and Hong Fang and Xiaowei Xu and Weida Tong},
  journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
  title   = {A systems approach for analysis of high content screening assay data with topic modeling},
  year    = {2013},
  number  = {11},
  volume  = {14},
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@MastersThesis{Wang2016,
  author = {Jean Wang},
  school = {Princeton University Operations Research and Financial Engineering Department},
  title  = {A Supervised Topic Model Based Approach for Change Point Detection in Review Data},
  year   = {2016},
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@Article{Grimmer2010,
  author  = {Justin Grimmer},
  journal = {Political Analysis},
  title   = {A Bayesian Hierarchical Topic Model for Political Texts: Measuring Expressed Agendas in Senate Press Releases},
  year    = {2010},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {1-35},
  volume  = {18},
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@Article{Montgomery1980,
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@Article{Lowry.Montgomery1995,
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@Article{Bersimis.etal2007,
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@Article{Bai.Perron1998,
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@Article{Olshen.etal2004,
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@Article{Erdman.Emerson2007,
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@Book{Weber1976,
  author    = {Eugene Weber},
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@InBook{Young1988,
  author    = {Crawford Young},
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@Book{Herbst2000,
  author    = {Jeffrey Herbst},
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@InBook{Steinmetz1999,
  author    = {George Steinmetz},
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@InBook{Jessop2006,
  author    = {Bob Jessop},
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@Book{Brubaker1992,
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@Article{Hale2000,
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@Book{Martin2001,
  author    = {Terry Dean Martin},
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@Book{Roeder2007,
  author    = {Philip G. Roeder},
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@Book{Evans.etal1985,
  editor    = {Peter B. Evans and Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol},
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@Article{Brownlee2017,
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@Book{Albertus2015b,
  author    = {Michael Albertus},
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@Article{Frye.etal2017,
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@InBook{Bunce.Wolchik2013,
  author    = {Valerie J. Bunce and Sharon L. Wolchik},
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  title     = {Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe},
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@Article{Davenport2007,
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@Book{Tsygankov2014,
  author    = {Andrei P. Tsygankov},
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@Article{Fortin2012,
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@Unpublished{Bhavnani.Lupu2016,
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@Article{Sutton2013,
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@Article{Park2012,
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@Unpublished{Park.Sohn2017,
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@Article{Brown.etal1975,
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@Article{Ploberger.Kraemer1992,
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@Article{Chu.etal1995,
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@Article{Reznik.etal2017,
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  year       = {2017},
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  comment    = {Accessed on June 14, 2017},
  groups     = {Anton:6},
  timestamp  = {2017-02-16},
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@Article{Farrell2016,
  author  = {Justin Farrell},
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@Article{Roberts.etal2014,
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  year    = {2014},
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@Unpublished{Brookhart.Tahk2016,
  author = {Jennifer L. Brookhart and Alexander M. Tahk},
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@Article{Kim2017,
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@Article{Bauer.etal2016,
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@InCollection{Dubey.etal2014,
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  year       = {2014},
  editor     = {Z. Ghahramani and M. Welling and C. Cortes and N. D. Lawrence and K. Q. Weinberger},
  pages      = {1152-1160},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/5232-dependent-nonparametric-trees-for-dynamic-hierarchical-clustering.pdf},
  groups     = {Anton:6},
  url        = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/5232-dependent-nonparametric-trees-for-dynamic-hierarchical-clustering.pdf},
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@Unpublished{Glynn.etal2015,
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@Article{Ko.etal2015,
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  year    = {2015},
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  pages   = {275-296},
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@Unpublished{Liebman.etal2017,
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  note   = {21st Century China Center Research Paper No. 2017-01},
  title  = {Mass Digitization of Chinese Court Decisions: How to Use Text as Data in the Field of Chinese Law},
  year   = {2017},
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}

@Book{Mickiewicz2014,
  author    = {Ellen Mickiewicz},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  title     = {No Illusions: The Voices of Russia's Future Leaders},
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@Article{Trudolyubov2017,
  author     = {Maxim Trudolyubov},
  journal    = {The Russia File: a Kennan Institute Blog},
  title      = {News Inside the Bubble},
  year       = {2017},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.kennan-russiafile.org/2017/09/29/news-inside-the-bubble/},
  groups     = {Anton:6},
  url        = {http://www.kennan-russiafile.org/2017/09/29/news-inside-the-bubble/},
}

@Book{Gellately2002,
  author    = {Robert Gellately},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  title     = {Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany},
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@book{Achen.Bartels2016,
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@book{Lodge.Taber2013,
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@book{Jervis1976,
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@book{Khong1992,
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@article{Cobb.etal2013,
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@article{Geddes.Zaller1989,
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@article{Stein2013,
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@article{Druckman.etal2017,
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@article{Rodriguez.etal2017,
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@article{Martin.Yurukoglu2017,
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	Year = {2017}}

@unpublished{Pennycook.Rand2017,
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@unpublished{Greene.Robertson2016,
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@book{Arendt1973,
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	Volume = {49},
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@article{Fox2009,
	Author = {Gerald T. Fox},
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@article{Chatagnier2012,
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@book{Canes-Wrone2006,
	Author = {Brandice Canes-Wrone},
	Publisher = {Chicago: Chicago University Press},
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@article{Wilkinson2014,
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@article{Pearce.Kendzior2012,
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@book{Deibert.etal2010,
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@article{Shiller.etal1992,
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@article{Boycko.Shiller2016,
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@article{Huang2015a,
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@incollection{Moi.etal2012,
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	Editor = {Wenfang Tang and Shanto Iyengar},
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	Year = {2012}}

@incollection{Shi.etal2012,
	Author = {Tianjian Shi and Jie Liu and John Aldrich},
	Booktitle = {Political Communication in China: Convergence or Divergence Between the Media and Political System?},
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	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Bifurcated Images of the U.S. in Urban China and the Impact of Media Environment},
	Year = {2012}}

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@incollection{Havel1985,
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@book{Roberts2018,
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@article{Sanovich.etal2018,
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@book{Lazarsfeld.Henry1968,
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@book{Hagenaars.McCutcheon2002,
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@article{Frye.etal2014,
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@article{Pemstein.etal2010,
	Author = {Daniel Pemstein and Stephen A Meserve and James Melton},
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@article{Rozenas.Stukal2019,
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@article{Treisman2011,
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@article{Treisman2014,
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@article{Krastev.Holmes2012,
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@Article{Schimpfoessl.Yablokov2017,
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  year       = {2017},
  number     = {1},
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}

@article{Schimpfossl.Yablokov2014,
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@article{Mcmillan.Zoido2004,
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	Pages = {69-92},
	Title = {How to Subvert Democracy: Montesinos in Peru},
	Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/0895330042632690},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/0895330042632690},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330042632690}}

@article{Gentzkow.Shapiro2006,
	Author = {Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse M. Shapiro},
	Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {280-316},
	Title = {Media Bias and Reputation},
	Volume = {114},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Stroemberg2015,
	Author = {David Str{\"o}mberg},
	Journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {173-205},
	Title = {Media and Politics},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{Lawson2002,
	Author = {Chappell Lawson},
	Publisher = {University of California Press},
	Title = {Building the Fourth Estate: Democratization and Media Opening in Mexico},
	Year = {2002}}

@unpublished{Labzina.Nieman2017,
	Author = {Elena Labzina and Mark David Nieman},
	Month = aug,
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {State-controlled Media and Foreign Policy: Analyzing Russian-language News},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Huang2018,
	Author = {Haifeng Huang},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-28 17:37:02 -0600},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {1034-1038},
	Title = {The Pathology of Hard Propaganda},
	Volume = {80},
	Year = {2018}}

@article{Cho.etal2017,
	Author = {Joan E. Cho and Jae Seung Lee and B.K. Song},
	Journal = {Journal of East Asian Studies},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {145-166},
	Title = {Media Exposure and Regime Support under Competitive Authoritarianism: Evidence from South Korea},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Qin.etal2017,
	Author = {Bei Qin and David Str{\"o}mberg and Yanhui Wu},
	Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {117-140},
	Title = {Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Huang.etal2017,
	Author = {Haifeng Huang and Serra Boranbay-Akan and Ling Huang},
	Journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
	Title = {Media, Protest Diffusion, and Authoritarian Resilience},
	Year = {2017}}

@unpublished{Chen.Yang2017,
	Author = {Yuyu Chen and David Y. Yang},
	Month = nov,
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China},
	Year = {2017}}

@unpublished{Qin.etal2016,
	Author = {Bei Qin and David Stromberg and Yanhui Wu},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Media Bias in China},
	Url = {http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~yanhuiwu/MediaBias1.pdf},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~yanhuiwu/MediaBias1.pdf}}

@article{Kozlov2017,
	Author = {Petr Kozlov},
	Journal = {BBC Russian},
	Month = oct,
	Title = {Dobraya mashina propagandy: Kreml' sozdayot inkubator khoroshikh novostei},
	Url = {http://www.bbc.com/russian/features-41601374},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.bbc.com/russian/features-41601374}}

@book{Almond1950,
	Author = {Gabriel A. Almond},
	Publisher = {Praeger},
	Title = {The American People and Foreign Policy},
	Year = {1950}}

@article{Lipset1966,
	Author = {Seymour Martin Lipset},
	Journal = {Transactions},
	Pages = {20-22},
	Title = {The President, the Polls, and Vietnam},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1966}}

@article{Verba.etal1967,
	Author = {Sidney Verba and Richard A. Brody and Edwin B. Parker and Norman H. Nie and Nelson W. Polsby and Paul Ekman and Gordon S. Black},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {317-333},
	Title = {Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam},
	Volume = {61},
	Year = {1967}}

@article{Jentleson1992,
	Author = {Bruce W. Jentleson},
	Journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {49-73},
	Title = {The Pretty Prudent Public: Post Post-Vietnam American Opinion on the Use of Military Force},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1992}}

@book{Holsti2004,
	Author = {Ole R. Holsti},
	Publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
	Title = {Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy},
	Year = {2004}}

@book{Baum2003,
	Author = {Matthew A. Baum},
	Publisher = {Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press},
	Title = {Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age},
	Year = {2003}}

@book{Page.Bouton2006,
	Author = {Benjamin I. Page and Marshall M. Bouton},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {The Foreign Policy Disconnect: What Americans Want from Our Leaders But Don't Get},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Aldrich.etal2006,
	Author = {John H. Aldrich and Christopher Gelpi and Peter Feaver and Jason Reifler and Kristin Thompson Sharp},
	Journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	Pages = {477-502},
	Title = {Foreign Policy and the Electoral Connection},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Peffley.Hurwitz1992,
	Author = {Mark Peffley and Jon Hurwitz},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {431-461},
	Title = {International Events and Foreign Policy Beliefs: Public Response to Changing Soviet-U.S. Relations},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Hurwitz.Peffley1987,
	Author = {Jon Hurwitz and Mark Peffley},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1099-1120},
	Title = {How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model},
	Volume = {81},
	Year = {1987}}

@book{Mueller1973,
	Author = {John E. Mueller},
	Publisher = {New York: John Wiley \& Sons},
	Title = {War, Presidents, and Public Opinion},
	Year = {1973}}

@book{Mueller1994,
	Author = {John E. Mueller},
	Publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Eichenberg2005,
	Author = {Richard C. Eichenberg},
	Journal = {International Security},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {140-177},
	Title = {Victory Has Many Friends: U.S. Public Opinion and the Use of Military Forde, 1981-2005},
	Volume = {30},
	Year = {2005}}

@book{Scheve.Slaughter2001,
	Author = {Kenneth F. Scheve and Matthew J. Slaughter},
	Publisher = {Peterson Institute for International Economics},
	Title = {Globalization and the Perceptions of American Workers},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Baker2005,
	Author = {Andy Baker},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {924-938},
	Title = {Who Wants to Globalize? Consumer Tastes and Labor Markets in a Theory of Trade Policy Beliefs},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2005}}

@book{Iyengar.Kinder1987,
	Author = {Shanto Iyengar and Donald D. Kinder},
	Publisher = {University Of Chicago Press},
	Title = {News That Matters: Television and American Opinion},
	Year = {1987}}

@incollection{Aldrich.etal2005,
	Author = {John H. Aldrich and John D. Griffin and Jill Rickershauser},
	Booktitle = {Presidency and the Political System, 8th ed.},
	Chapter = {219-234},
	Publisher = {Washington, D.C.: CQ Press},
	Title = {The Presidency and the Election Campaign: Altering Voters' Priorities in the 2004 Election},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Krosnick.Kinder1990,
	Author = {Jon A. Krosnick and Donald R. Kinder},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {497-512},
	Title = {Altering the Foundations of Support for the President Through Priming},
	Volume = {84},
	Year = {1990}}

@article{Baum2004,
	Author = {Matthew A. Baum},
	Journal = {The Journal of Conflict Resolution},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {603-631},
	Title = {Going Private: Public Opinion, Presidential Rhetoric, and the Domestic Politics of Audience Costs in U.S. Foreign Policy Crises},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Oneal.Bryan1995,
	Author = {John R. Oneal and Anna Lillian Bryan},
	Journal = {Political Behavior},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {379-401},
	Title = {The Rally 'Round the Flag Effect in U. S. Foreign Policy Crises, 1950-1985},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Oneal.etal1996,
	Author = {John R. Oneal and Brad Lian and James H. Joyner},
	Journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {261-279},
	Title = {Are the American People "Pretty Prudent"? Public Responses to U.S. Uses of Force, 1950-1988},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{Baker.Oneal2001,
	Author = {William D. Baker and John R. Oneal},
	Journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {661-887},
	Title = {Patriotism or Opinion Leadership?: The Nature and Origins of the "Rally 'Round the Flag" Effect},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Baum2002,
	Author = {Matthew A. Baum},
	Journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {263-298},
	Title = {The Constituent Foundations of the Rally-Round-the-Flag Phenomenon},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Gartner.Segura1998,
	Abstract = {The authors begin the construction of a generalizable theory of casualties and opinion, reexamining the logic employed by Mueller and showing that although human costs are an important predictor of wartime opinion, Mueller's operationalization of those costs solely as the log of cumulative national casualties is problematic and incomplete. The authors argue that temporally proximate costs, captured as marginal casualty figures, are an important additional aspect of human costs and a critical factor in determining wartime opinion. Using Mueller's data on opinion in the Vietnam and Korean wars, the authors find that marginal casualties are important in explaining opinion when casualty accumulation is accelerating, and earlier findings about the importance and generalizability of the log of cumulative casualties as the sole casualty-based predictor of opinion are overstated. Finally, the authors offer some thoughts about other factors that should be considered when building a model of war deaths and domestic opinion.},
	Author = {Scott Sigmund Gartner and Gary M. Segura},
	Issn = {00220027, 15528766},
	Journal = {The Journal of Conflict Resolution},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {278-300},
	Publisher = {Sage Publications, Inc.},
	Title = {War, Casualties, and Public Opinion},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/174515},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/174515}}

@article{Filson.Werner2004,
	Abstract = {Recent research suggests that democracies have advantages and disadvantages in wars. Democracies are more likely to win the wars they initiate and the ones in which they are targeted. Wars initiated by democracies are also uniformly shorter and less costly than wars initiated by nondemocracies. However, democracies are also less likely to continue fighting and less likely to win as war drags on. Democracies are also particularly likely to be targeted. We present a bargaining model that reconciles these divergent findings. The model explains why democracies are more likely to win but are also more likely to settle and more likely to be targeted than other types of regimes. The model's explanation of these facts differs in important ways from existing explanations. The model also suggests several new hypotheses relating regime type to the terms of settlement and the onset of war.},
	Author = {Darren Filson and Suzanne Werner},
	Issn = {00925853, 15405907},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {296-313},
	Publisher = {[Midwest Political Science Association, Wiley]},
	Title = {Bargaining and Fighting: The Impact of Regime Type on War Onset, Duration, and Outcomes},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1519884},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1519884}}

@book{Reiter.Stam2002,
	Author = {Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam},
	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	Title = {Democracies at War},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Weeks2008,
	Author = {Jessica L.P. Weeks},
	Journal = {International Organization},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {35-64},
	Title = {Autocratic Audience Costs: Regime Type and Signaling Resolve},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{Tomz.Weeks2013,
	Author = {Michael R. Tomz and Jessica L.P. Weeks},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0003055413000488},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {849--865},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Public Opinion and the Democratic Peace},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000488}}

@unpublished{Tomz.etal2017,
	Author = {Michael R. Tomz and Jessica L.P. Weeks and Keren Yarhi-Milo},
	Month = aug,
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {How does public opinion affect foreign policy in democracies?},
	Url = {https://web.stanford.edu/~tomz/working/TWY-PublicOpinion-2017-08-25d.pdf},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://web.stanford.edu/~tomz/working/TWY-PublicOpinion-2017-08-25d.pdf}}

@article{Baum.Groeling2009,
	Author = {Matthew A. Baum and Tim Groeling},
	Journal = {Political Behavior},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {157-186},
	Title = {Shot by the Messenger: Partisan Cues and Public Opinion Regarding National Security and War},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2009}}

@book{Foyle1999,
	Author = {Douglas C. Foyle},
	Publisher = {New York, Columbia University Press},
	Title = {Counting the Public In: Presidents, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Gartner2008,
	Author = {Scott Sigmund Gartner},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0003055408080027},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {95--106},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The Multiple Effects of Casualties on Public Support for War: An Experimental Approach},
	Volume = {102},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055408080027}}

@article{Lacina.Lee2013,
	Author = {Bethany Lacina and Charlotte Lee},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1743-8594.2012.00183.x},
	Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/fpa/9/2/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2012.00183.x/2/9-2-143.pdf},
	Journal = {Foreign Policy Analysis},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {143-170},
	Title = {Culture Clash or Democratic Peace?: Results of a Survey Experiment on the Effect of Religious Culture and Regime Type on Foreign Policy Opinion Formation},
	Url = {+ http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2012.00183.x},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {+%20http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2012.00183.x},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2012.00183.x}}

@article{Hurwitz.etal1993,
	Author = {Hurwitz, Jon and Peffley, Mark and Seligson, Mitchell A.},
	Doi = {10.2307/2600808},
	Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/isq/37/3/10.2307/2600808/2/37-3-245.pdf},
	Journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {245-270},
	Title = {Foreign Policy Belief Systems in Comparative Perspective: The United States and Costa Rica},
	Url = {+ http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2600808},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {1993},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {+%20http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2600808},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2600808}}

@article{Trager.Vavreck2011,
	Author = {Trager, Robert F. and Vavreck, Lynn},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00521.x},
	Issn = {1540-5907},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {526--545},
	Publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc},
	Title = {The Political Costs of Crisis Bargaining: Presidential Rhetoric and the Role of Party},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00521.x},
	Volume = {55},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00521.x}}

@article{Richards.etal1993,
	Abstract = {It is commonly asserted that state leaders, when faced with poor domestic political conditions, have an incentive to engage in diversionary foreign policy behavior. The standard view is that an aggressive foreign policy benefits the executive by leading the public to ignore domestic problems and to "rally around the flag" to meet the foreign threat. In this article, the authors formalize the diversionary argument as a principal-agent problem in which the state executive is an agent under contract to a public whose choice to retain or dismiss the executive is based on whether the agent is judged to be competent. The authors assume that the competence of the executive is private information and that the public makes Bayesian updates of the probability of executive competence based on domestic and foreign policy outcomes. Several implications are derived from the model. First, the competence of executives and their attitudes toward risk are central in the decision to engage in diversionary foreign policy. Second, an executive often can improve her or his chances of being retained only by altering the public's perception of the difficulty of the foreign operation. Third, the model points to the need to distinguish between short-term rally-around-the-flag effects of diversion and the public's long-term assessment of executive competence.},
	Author = {Diana Richards and T. Clifton Morgan and Rick K. Wilson and Valerie L. Schwebach and Garry D. Young},
	Issn = {00220027, 15528766},
	Journal = {The Journal of Conflict Resolution},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {504-535},
	Publisher = {Sage Publications, Inc.},
	Title = {Good Times, Bad Times, and the Diversionary Use of Force: A Tale of Some Not-So-Free Agents},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/174266},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {1993},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/174266}}

@book{Wright1965,
	Author = {Quincy Wright},
	Publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {A Study of War},
	Year = {1965}}

@article{Meernik2000,
	Author = {James Meernik},
	Journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {547-562},
	Title = {Modeling International Crises and the Political Use of Military Force by the USA},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Mesquita.etal1999,
	Abstract = {We examine formally the link between domestic political institutions and policy choices in the context of eight empirical regularities that constitute the democratic peace. We demonstrate that democratic leaders, when faced with war, are more inclined to shift extra resources into the war effort than are autocrats. This follows because the survival of political leaders with larger winning coalitions hinges on successful policy. The extra effort made by democrats provides a military advantage over autocrats. This makes democrats unattractive targets, since their institutional constraints cause them to mobilize resources for the war effort. In addition to trying harder, democrats are more selective in their choice of targets. Because defeat is more likely to lead to domestic replacement for democrats than for autocrats, democrats only initiate wars they expect to win. These two factors lead to the interaction between polities that is often referred to as the democratic peace.},
	Author = {Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and James D. Morrow and Randolph M. Siverson and Alastair Smith},
	Issn = {00030554, 15375943},
	Journal = {The American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {791-807},
	Publisher = {[American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press]},
	Title = {An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic Peace},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2586113},
	Volume = {93},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2586113}}

@book{Jacobson2006,
	Author = {Gary Jacobson},
	Publisher = {New York: Longman},
	Title = {A Divider, Not a Uniter: George W. Bush and the American People},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Bennett.etal2006,
	Author = {Bennett, W. Lance and Lawrence, Regina G. and Livingston, Steven},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00296.x},
	Issn = {1460-2466},
	Journal = {Journal of Communication},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {467--485},
	Publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc},
	Title = {None Dare Call It Torture: Indexing and the Limits of Press Independence in the Abu Ghraib Scandal},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00296.x},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00296.x}}

@book{Entman2003,
	Author = {Robert M. Entman},
	Publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy},
	Year = {2003}}

@book{Iyengar.Reeves1997,
	Author = {Shanto Iyengar and Richard Reeves},
	Publisher = {Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage},
	Title = {Do The Media Govern: Politicians, Voters, and Reporters in America},
	Year = {1997}}

@Article{Robinson2000,
  author     = {Piers Robinson},
  journal    = {Journal of Peace Research},
  title      = {The Policy-Media Interaction Model: Measuring Media Power during Humanitarian Crisis},
  year       = {2000},
  number     = {5},
  pages      = {613-633},
  volume     = {37},
  abstract   = {This article details the results of a plausibility probe of a policy-media interaction model designed to identify instances of media influence. If sufficient evidence is found to support the model, it can be used as part of a wider study examining the impact of media coverage on decisions to intervene during humanitarian crisis, the so-called CNN effect. The model predicts media influence when policy is uncertain and media coverage is framed so as to be critical of government and empathizes with suffering people. In order to test the model, it is applied to two cases: US intervention in Bosnia in 1995 in order to defend the Gorazde `safe area' and Operation Allied Force in Kosovo in 1999. In the first case, the model highlights the impact of critical, empathizing media coverage and policy uncertainty in effecting the US decision to defend the Gorazde `safe area'. In the second case, the failure of critical newspaper coverage to change the Clinton Administration's air-war policy highlights the limits of media influence when there exists policy certainty. Overall, it is argued that the plausibility probe supports the prediction that media influence occurs when policy is uncertain and media coverage is critically framed and empathizes with suffering people. And that when policy is certain, media influence is unlikely to occur. As such, the policy-media interaction model should prove a useful tool in testing the claim that media coverage causes intervention during humanitarian crisis.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343300037005006},
  doi        = {10.1177/0022343300037005006},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343300037005006},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343300037005006},
}

@article{Gilboa2005,
	Author = {Eytan Gilboa},
	Doi = {10.1080/10584600590908429},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600590908429},
	Journal = {Political Communication},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {27-44},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600590908429},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600590908429}}

@article{Isernia.etal2002,
	Abstract = {The aggregate changes in public opinion attitudes toward foreign policy issues in three West European countries during the cold war decades (1954-1990) are analyzed. The stability hypothesis is addressed from different angles to ascertain the amount of change in public opinion attitudes toward foreign policy issues in France, Germany, and Italy. Results reveal a low level of volatility in public opinion that corresponds with the findings for the American public. On the other hand, French, German, and Italian public opinion shows a somewhat higher level of fluctuation than in the United States. Attitudes toward NATO, the United States, and the Soviet Union closely reflect the evolution of world politics and therefore represent a reasonable reaction to international events and crises.},
	Author = {Pierangelo Isernia and Zolt{\'a}n Juh{\'a}sz and Hans Rattinger},
	Issn = {00220027, 15528766},
	Journal = {The Journal of Conflict Resolution},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {201-224},
	Publisher = {Sage Publications, Inc.},
	Title = {Foreign Policy and the Rational Public in Comparative Perspective},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3176172},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3176172}}

@article{Bell.Quek2017,
	Author = {Bell, Mark S. and Quek, Kai},
	Doi = {10.1017/S002081831700042X},
	Journal = {International Organization},
	Pages = {1--16},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Authoritarian Public Opinion and the Democratic Peace},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081831700042X}}

@Article{Johns.Davies2012,
  author     = {Robert Johns and Graeme A. M. Davies},
  journal    = {The Journal of Politics},
  title      = {Democratic Peace or Clash of Civilizations? Target States and Support for War in Britain and the United States},
  year       = {2012},
  number     = {4},
  pages      = {1038-1052},
  volume     = {74},
  abstract   = {Research on public support for war shows that citizens are responsive to various aspects of strategic context. Less attention has been paid to the core characteristics of the target state. In this comparative study we report survey experiments manipulating two such characteristics, regime type and dominant faith, to test whether the ``democratic peace'' and the ``clash of civilizations'' theses are reflected in U.S. and British public opinion. The basic findings show small differences across the two cases: both publics were somewhat more inclined to use force against dictatorships than against democracies and against Islamic than against Christian countries. Respondent religion played no moderating role in Britain: Christians and nonbelievers were alike readier to attack Islamic states. However, in the United States, the dominant faith effect was driven entirely by Christians. Together, our results imply that public judgments are driven as much by images and identities as by strategic calculations of threat.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381612000643},
  doi        = {10.1017/S0022381612000643},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381612000643},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381612000643},
}

@article{Milner.Tingley2013,
	Author = {Helen V. Milner and Dustin Tingley},
	Journal = {International Interactions},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {389-401},
	Title = {Public Opinion and Foreign Aid: A Review Essay},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Zhao2013,
	Author = {Suisheng Zhao},
	Doi = {10.1080/10670564.2013.766379},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2013.766379},
	Journal = {Journal of Contemporary China},
	Number = {82},
	Pages = {535-553},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Foreign Policy Implications of Chinese Nationalism Revisited: the strident turn},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2013.766379},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2013.766379}}

@article{Pan2017,
	Author = {Jennifer Pan},
	Doi = {10.1080/10758216.2016.1181525},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2016.1181525},
	Journal = {Problems of Post-Communism},
	Number = {3-4},
	Pages = {167-188},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {How Market Dynamics of Domestic and Foreign Social Media Firms Shape Strategies of Internet Censorship},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2016.1181525},
	Volume = {64},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2016.1181525}}

@unpublished{Enikolopov.etal2016,
	Author = {Enikolopov, Ruben and Petrova, Maria and Sonin, Konstantin},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Social Media and Corruption},
	Url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=2153378},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=2153378}}

@unpublished{Enikolopov.etal2016a,
	Author = {Enikolopov, Ruben and Makarin, Alexey and Petrova, Maria},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Social Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia},
	Url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2696236},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2696236}}

@article{Oates2007,
	Author = {Sarah Oates},
	Journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1279-1297},
	Title = {The Neo-Soviet Model of the Media},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Leeson2008,
	Author = {Peter T. Leeson},
	Doi = {10.1257/jep.22.2.155},
	Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	Month = {June},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {155-169},
	Title = {Media Freedom, Political Knowledge, and Participation},
	Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.22.2.155},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.22.2.155},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.2.155}}

@unpublished{Gueorguiev.etal2017,
	Author = {Gueorguiev, Dimitar D. and Shao, Li and Crabtree, Charles},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Blurring the Lines: Rethinking Censorship Under Autocracy},
	Url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3075481},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3075481}}

@article{Qiang2011,
	Author = {Xiao Qiang},
	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {47-61},
	Title = {The Battle for the Chinese Internet},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Chen.Xu2017,
	Author = {Jidong Chen and Yiqing Xu},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {792-803},
	Title = {Why Do Authoritarian Regimes Allow Citizens to Voice Opinions Publicly?},
	Volume = {79},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Stern.Hassid2012,
	Author = {Rachel E. Stern and Jonathan Hassid},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1230-1254},
	Title = {Amplifying Silence: Uncertainty and Control Parables in Contemporary China},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{Wang2016a,
	Author = {Yaqiu Wang},
	Journal = {Committee to Protect Journalists},
	Title = {The business of censorship: Documents show how Weibo filters sensitive news in China},
	Url = {https://cpj.org/blog/2016/03/the-business-of-censorship-documents-show-how-weib.php},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://cpj.org/blog/2016/03/the-business-of-censorship-documents-show-how-weib.php}}

@article{Kamenica.Gentzkow2011,
	Author = {Emir Kamenica and Matthew Gentzkow},
	Journal = {American Economic Review},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {2590-2615},
	Title = {Bayesian Persuasion},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Iyengar.Hahn2009,
	Author = {Shanto Iyengar and Kyu S Hahn},
	Journal = {Journal of Communication},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {19-39},
	Title = {Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2009}}

@book{Sunstein2001,
	Author = {Cass R. Sunstein},
	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	Title = {Republic.com},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Garrett2009,
	Author = {R. Kelly Garrett},
	Journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {265-285},
	Title = {Echo chambers online?: Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2009}}

@article{Barbera2015,
	Author = {Barber{\'a}, Pablo},
	Doi = {10.1093/pan/mpu011},
	Journal = {Political Analysis},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {76--91},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Birds of the Same Feather Tweet Together: Bayesian Ideal Point Estimation Using Twitter Data},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpu011}}

@unpublished{Frye2017,
	Author = {Timothy Frye},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Economic Sanctions and Public Opinion: Survey Experiments from Russia},
	Year = {2017}}

@Article{Wilson2017,
  author     = {Graham K. Wilson},
  journal    = {The British Journal of Politics and International Relations},
  title      = {Brexit, Trump and the special relationship},
  year       = {2017},
  number     = {3},
  pages      = {543-557},
  volume     = {19},
  abstract   = {The unexpected victories of Donald Trump in the United States 2016 Presidential campaign and of the Leave campaign in the British referendum on membership in the European Union have important similarities in terms of campaign strategy, rhetoric and social bases of support. They are exemplars of a wave of right-wing populism that has swept across advanced democracies. The triumph of Brexit also raises questions about the future relationship between the United Kingdom and United States. While it is too early to be certain about either the impact of Brexit or the future direction of the Trump Administration, and despite ties between the Trump Administration and British politicians who campaigned for or subsequently supported Brexit, the United Kingdom could become much less useful as a diplomatic and economic partner to the United States after leaving the European Union.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117713719},
  doi        = {10.1177/1369148117713719},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117713719},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117713719},
}

@article{Lamont.etal2017,
	Author = {Mich{\`e}le Lamont and Bo Yun Park and Elena Ayala-Hurtado},
	Journal = {British Journal of Sociology},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {153-180},
	Title = {Trump's electoral speeches and his appeal to the American white working class},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Gershkoff.Kushner2005,
	Author = {Gershkoff, Amy and Kushner, Shana},
	Doi = {10.1017/S1537592705050334},
	Journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {525--537},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Shaping Public Opinion: The 9/11-Iraq Connection in the Bush Administration's Rhetoric},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592705050334}}

@Article{Stevens.Allen2017,
  author     = {Daniel Stevens and Barbara Allen},
  journal    = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
  title      = {When Going to War Is Costly: A Comparative Study of Audiences and the Partisan Press},
  year       = {2017},
  number     = {3},
  pages      = {380-401},
  volume     = {22},
  abstract   = {Much of the conventional wisdom about partisan media effects is based on the single case of the United States. Without more comparative research, we know little about whether the findings are generalizable, however, and thus cannot be certain of their causes. But comparative research presents several challenges. This paper takes advantage of the case of the War on Iraq to examine the effects of partisan press coverage on perceptions of leaders and ultimately on voting behavior in two countries, the United States and Britain. We test three competing hypotheses of partisan media effects. We find support for the argument that the reputation of the incumbent party moderates the influence of partisan coverage on perceptions of war but also show that opposition partisan media coverage undermines perceptions of the qualities of incumbent leaders. Media outlets that support the incumbent do not have similar positive effects. We conclude that the war cost a left-wing leader, Blair, more than a right-wing leader, Bush, because of (1) the ambivalence of incumbent-supporting newspapers in Britain, (2) the absence of a parallel to the boost in approval that incumbent-supporting newspapers provided for Bush, and (3) greater damage to perceptions of Blair's attributes among readers of opposition-supporting newspapers.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217708065},
  doi        = {10.1177/1940161217708065},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217708065},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217708065},
}

@book{DelliCarpini.Keeter1996,
	Author = {Delli Carpini, Michael X. and Keeter, Scott},
	Publisher = {New Haven, CT: Yale University Press},
	Title = {What Americans Know About Politics and Why It Matters},
	Year = {1996}}

@unpublished{Kriner.Shen2017,
	Author = {Douglas L. Kriner and Francis X. Shen},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Battlefield Casualties and Ballot Box Defeat: Did the Bush-Obama Wars Cost Clinton the White House?},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Mansfield.Mutz2009,
	Author = {Mansfield, Edward D. and Mutz, Diana C.},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0020818309090158},
	Journal = {International Organization},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {425--457},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Support for Free Trade: Self-Interest, Sociotropic Politics, and Out-Group Anxiety},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818309090158}}

@unpublished{Powers2017,
	Author = {Ryan Powers},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Economic Anxiety and Trade Policy Preferences},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Druckman.etal2013,
	Author = {James K. Druckman and Erik Peterson and Rune Slothuus},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0003055412000500},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {57--79},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000500}}

@article{Guardino.Hayes2017,
	Author = {Matt Guardino and Danny Hayes},
	Journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
	Title = {Foreign Voices, Party Cues, and U.S. Public Opinion about Military Action},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Mayda.Rodrik2005,
	Author = {Anna Maria Mayda and Dani Rodrik},
	Journal = {European Economic Review},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1393-1430},
	Title = {Why are some people (and countries) more protectionist than others?},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Hiscox2006,
	Author = {Hiscox, Michael J.},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0020818306060255},
	Journal = {International Organization},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {755--780},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Through a Glass and Darkly: Attitudes Toward International Trade and the Curious Effects of Issue Framing},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818306060255}}

@article{Hainmueller.Hiscox2010,
	Author = {Jens Hainmueller and Michael J. Hiscox},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0003055409990372},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {61--84},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and Low-skilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990372}}

@article{Wojcieszak.etal2017,
	Author = {Wojcieszak, Magdalena and Azrout, Rachid and Vreese, Claes De},
	Doi = {10.1093/poq/nfx040},
	Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/poq/pap/10.1093_poq_nfx040/1/nfx040.pdf},
	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	Pages = {nfx040},
	Title = {Waving The Red ClothMedia Coverage Of A Contentious Issue Triggers Polarization},
	Url = {+ http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx040},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {+%20http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx040},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx040}}

@Article{Abramowitz.Saunders2008,
  author     = {Alan I. Abramowitz and Kyle L. Saunders},
  journal    = {The Journal of Politics},
  title      = {Is Polarization a Myth?},
  year       = {2008},
  number     = {2},
  pages      = {542-555},
  volume     = {70},
  abstract   = {This article uses data from the American National Election Studies and national exit polls to test Fiorina's assertion that ideological polarization in the American public is a myth. Fiorina argues that twenty-first-century Americans, like the midtwentieth-century Americans described by Converse, ``are not very well-informed about politics, do not hold many of their views very strongly, and are not ideological'' (2006, 19). However, our evidence indicates that since the 1970s, ideological polarization has increased dramatically among the mass public in the United States as well as among political elites. There are now large differences in outlook between Democrats and Republicans, between red state voters and blue state voters, and between religious voters and secular voters. These divisions are not confined to a small minority of activists---they involve a large segment of the public and the deepest divisions are found among the most interested, informed, and active citizens. Moreover, contrary to Fiorina's suggestion that polarization turns off voters and depresses turnout, our evidence indicates that polarization energizes the electorate and stimulates political participation.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080493},
  doi        = {10.1017/S0022381608080493},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080493},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080493},
}

@article{Onderco2017,
	Author = {Michal Onderco},
	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {401--418},
	Title = {Public support for coercive diplomacy: Exploring public opinion data from ten European countries},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{McLean.Roblyer2017,
	Author = {McLean, Elena V. and Roblyer, Dwight A.},
	Doi = {10.1093/fpa/orw014},
	Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/fpa/13/1/10.1093_fpa_orw014/4/orw014.pdf},
	Journal = {Foreign Policy Analysis},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {233-254},
	Title = {Public Support for Economic Sanctions: An Experimental Analysis},
	Url = {+ http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw014},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {+%20http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw014},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw014}}

@unpublished{Grossman.etal2017,
	Author = {Guy Grossman and Devorah Manekin and Yotam Margalit},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {How Sanctions Affect Public Opinion in Target Countries: Experimental Evidence from Israel},
	Year = {2017}}

@incollection{Weeks.Crunkilton2017,
	Author = {Jessica L.P. Weeks and Cody Crunkilton},
	Booktitle = {Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics},
	Title = {Domestic Constraints on Foreign Policy in Authoritarian Systems},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Kanat2014,
	Author = {Kilic B. Kanat},
	Journal = {Journal of Strategic Security},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {16-32},
	Title = {Diversionary Foreign Policy in Authoritarian States: The Use of Multiple Diversionary Strategies by Saddam Hussein during the Gulf War},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {2014}}

@book{Howell.Pevehouse2007,
	Author = {William G. Howell and Jon C. Pevehouse},
	Publisher = {Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press},
	Title = {While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers},
	Year = {2007}}

@Article{McCormick.Wittkopf1990,
  author     = {James M. McCormick and Eugene R. Wittkopf},
  journal    = {The Journal of Politics},
  title      = {Bipartisanship, Partisanship, and Ideology in Congressional-Executive Foreign Policy Relations, 1947-1988},
  year       = {1990},
  number     = {4},
  pages      = {1077-1100},
  volume     = {52},
  abstract   = {This paper examines two perspectives on the nature of congressional-executive relations in the making of American foreign policy: the bipartisan perspective, which says that politics stops at the water's edge, and the political perspective, which sees foreign policy as subject to the same partisan and ideological disputes that characterize domestic policy-making. The results demonstrate that the bipartisan perspective applies best to the Cold War years, and that the political perspective applies throughout the postwar era. The Vietnam War, hypothesized to have been a major catalyst in the breakdown of a bipartisan approach to foreign policy, cannot be shown to have produced a major watershed in the postwar record.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2131683},
  doi        = {10.2307/2131683},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2131683},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2131683},
}

@Article{Meernik1993,
  author     = {James Meernik},
  journal    = {The Journal of Politics},
  title      = {Presidential Support in Congress: Conflict and Consensus on Foreign and Defense Policy},
  year       = {1993},
  number     = {3},
  pages      = {569-587},
  volume     = {55},
  abstract   = {In a recent article appearing in The Journal of Politics, McCormick and Wittkopf (1990) argue that the Vietnam War did not exercise a significant impact on bipartisan presidential support in the U.S. Congress and that a bipartisan Cold War consensus on foreign policy and defense issues in the House and Senate was not as prominent as many had assumed. I develop a comprehensive model of bipartisan congressional support of presidents from 1947-1988 on foreign policy and defense roll-call votes in the House and Senate that test the impact of many factors, such as presidential influence and legislative processes not accounted for in McCormick and Wittkopf's analysis. Using probit analysis of individual roll-call votes, I show that before the Vietnam War, substantial consensus existed in both the House and Senate and after this conflict, such consensus has become much more infrequent. In addition, I find that forces originating in Congress exercise much more influence over the incidence of bipartisan support than presidential resources.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2131989},
  doi        = {10.2307/2131989},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2131989},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2131989},
}

@incollection{Puglisi.Snyder2015,
	Author = {Riccardo Puglisi and James M. Snyder},
	Booktitle = {Handbook of Media Economics},
	Editor = {Simon Anderson and Joel Waldfogel and David Stromberg},
	Pages = {648-668},
	Publisher = {Elsevier},
	Title = {Empirical Studies of Media Bias},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{Repnikova2017,
	Author = {Maria Repnikova},
	Publisher = {New York, NY: Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Media Politics in China: Improvising Power Under Authoritarianism},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Lankina.Watanabe2017,
	Author = {Lankina, Tomila V. and Watanabe, Kohei},
	Journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1526-1556},
	Title = {'Russian Spring' or 'Spring betrayal'? The media as a mirror of Putin's evolving strategy in Ukraine},
	Volume = {69},
	Year = {2017}}

@Article{Trussler.Soroka2014,
  author     = {Marc Trussler and Stuart Soroka},
  journal    = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
  title      = {Consumer Demand for Cynical and Negative News Frames},
  year       = {2014},
  number     = {3},
  pages      = {360-379},
  volume     = {19},
  abstract   = {Commentators regularly lament the proliferation of both negative and/or strategic (``horse race'') coverage in political news content. The most frequent account for this trend focuses on news norms and/or the priorities of news journalists. Here, we build on recent work arguing for the importance of demand-side, rather than supply-side, explanations of news content. In short, news may be negative and/or strategy-focused because that is the kind of news that people are interested in. We use a lab study to capture participants' news-selection biases, alongside a survey capturing their stated news preferences. Politically interested participants are more likely to select negative stories. Interest is associated with a greater preference for strategic frames as well. And results suggest that behavioral results do not conform to attitudinal ones. That is, regardless of what participants say, they exhibit a preference for negative news content.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161214524832},
  doi        = {10.1177/1940161214524832},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161214524832},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161214524832},
}

@article{Shoemaker1996,
	Author = {Shoemaker, Pamela J.},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01487.x},
	Issn = {1460-2466},
	Journal = {Journal of Communication},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {32--47},
	Publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	Title = {Hardwired for News: Using Biological and Cultural Evolution to Explain the Surveillance Function},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01487.x},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01487.x}}

@article{Pornpitakpan2004,
	Author = {Pornpitakpan, Chanthika},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02547.x},
	Issn = {1559-1816},
	Journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {243--281},
	Publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	Title = {The Persuasiveness of Source Credibility: A Critical Review of Five Decades' Evidence},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02547.x},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02547.x}}

@article{Hovland.Weiss1951,
	Author = {Carl I. Hovland and Walter Weiss},
	Doi = {10.1086/266350},
	Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/poq/15/4/10.1086/266350/2/15-4-635.pdf},
	Journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {635-650},
	Title = {The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness},
	Url = {+ http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/266350},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {1951},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {+%20http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/266350},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1086/266350}}

@Article{Lee2010,
  author     = {Tien-Tsung Lee},
  journal    = {American Behavioral Scientist},
  title      = {Why They Don't Trust the Media: An Examination of Factors Predicting Trust},
  year       = {2010},
  number     = {1},
  pages      = {8-21},
  volume     = {54},
  abstract   = {Political communication literature reveals an ongoing scholarly interest in issues surrounding the credibility of news media. Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, many consumers continue to believe U.S. news media have a political bias and, therefore, are not to be trusted. This study seeks to explain media trust using a new theoretical model. The findings, based on national survey data, suggest that political ideology and partisanship, trust in government and fellow citizens, and one's view of the economy influence the degree to which audience members trust the news media.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210376308},
  doi        = {10.1177/0002764210376308},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210376308},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210376308},
}

@Article{Hollander2008,
  author     = {Barry A. Hollander},
  journal    = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly},
  title      = {Tuning Out or Tuning Elsewhere? Partisanship, Polarization, and Media Migration from 1998 to 2006},
  year       = {2008},
  number     = {1},
  pages      = {23-40},
  volume     = {85},
  abstract   = {The fragmentation of the mass media audience has led scholars to examine the growing partisanship of news consumers as less partisan individuals turn to more entertainment-oriented fare. An analysis of national survey data from 1998 to 2006 suggests that not only has the news audience grown somewhat more partisan over time, but among these partisans a distinct migration has occurred to sources more likely to be friendly to individual political beliefs or away from sources perceived as less friendly.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900808500103},
  doi        = {10.1177/107769900808500103},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900808500103},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900808500103},
}

@article{Eveland.Shah2003,
	Author = {Eveland, William P. and Shah, Dhavan V.},
	Doi = {10.1111/0162-895X.00318},
	Issn = {1467-9221},
	Journal = {Political Psychology},
	Keywords = {hostile--media phenomenon, media credibility, media bias, interpersonal networks, biased sampling, spiral of silence},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {101--117},
	Publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc.},
	Title = {The Impact of Individual and Interpersonal Factors on Perceived News Media Bias},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00318},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00318}}

@article{Metzger.Flanagin2013,
	Author = {Miriam J. Metzger and Andrew J. Flanagin},
	Journal = {Journal of Pragmatics},
	Pages = {210-220},
	Title = {Credibility and trust of information in online environments: The use of cognitive heuristics},
	Volume = {59},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Metzger2007,
	Author = {Metzger, Miriam J.},
	Doi = {10.1002/asi.20672},
	Issn = {1532-2890},
	Journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	Number = {13},
	Pages = {2078--2091},
	Publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	Title = {Making sense of credibility on the Web: Models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.20672},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.20672}}

@techreport{Guess.etal2017,
	Author = {Andrew Guess and Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler},
	Institution = {Poynter Institute},
	Title = {``You're Fake News!'' Findings from the Poynter Media Trust Survey},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Chong.Druckman2007,
	Abstract = {What is the effect of democratic competition on the power of elites to frame public opinion? We address this issue first by defining the range of competitive contexts that might surround any debate over a policy issue. We then offer a theory that predicts how audiences, messages, and competitive environments interact to influence the magnitude of framing effects. These hypotheses are tested using experimental data gathered on the opinions of adults and college students toward two policy issues---the management of urban growth and the right of an extremist group to conduct a rally. Our results indicate that framing effects depend more heavily on the qualities of frames than on their frequency of dissemination and that competition alters but does not eliminate the influence of framing. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results for the study of public opinion and democratic political debate.},
	Author = {Dennis Chong and James N. Druckman},
	Issn = {00030554, 15375943},
	Journal = {The American Political Science Review},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {637-655},
	Publisher = {[American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press]},
	Title = {Framing Public Opinion in Competitive Democracies},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/27644476},
	Volume = {101},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/27644476}}

@book{Levendusky2013,
	Author = {Matthew Levendusky},
	Publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {How Partisan Media Polarize America},
	Year = {2013}}

@Article{Botero.etal2015,
  author     = {Sandra Botero and Rodrigo Castro Cornejo and Laura Gamboa and Nara Pavao and David W. Nickerson},
  journal    = {Political Research Quarterly},
  title      = {Says Who? An Experiment on Allegations of Corruption and Credibility of Sources},
  year       = {2015},
  issn       = {10659129},
  number     = {3},
  pages      = {493-504},
  volume     = {68},
  abstract   = {To hold politicians accountable for corrupt practices, voters must rely on reports from third parties and view these accusation sources as credible. We conducted a survey experiment varying sources for corruption accusations and measuring citizens' evaluations of political candidates in Colombia. Consistent with prior surveys, we find that respondents trust newspapers more than the judiciary or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Corruption accusations coming from the leading national newspaper drive down levels of support and trust for corrupt politicians relative to identical accusations made against identical candidates by NGOs and the judiciary. Our results also indicate that people with lower levels of education were more responsive than more educated individuals to corruption accusations coming from newspapers when compared to those coming from the judiciary or an NGO. Perceptions of candidate competence did not move with perceived trustworthiness.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/24637789},
  publisher  = {[University of Utah, Sage Publications, Inc.]},
}

@Article{Alt.etal2016,
  author     = {James E. Alt and David D. Lassen and John Marshall},
  journal    = {The Journal of Politics},
  title      = {Credible Sources and Sophisticated Voters: When Does New Information Induce Economic Voting?},
  year       = {2016},
  number     = {2},
  pages      = {327-342},
  volume     = {78},
  abstract   = {When does new economic information cause voters to reevaluate the government's competence and ultimately vote economically? Since politically relevant information is often conveyed by actors with incentives to influence voter perceptions, the credibility of information sources can vary significantly. This article randomly varies whether voters receive an aggregate unemployment forecast from the central bank, government or main opposition party using a survey experiment in Denmark linked to detailed panel data. We find that politically sophisticated voters discern differences in institutional credibility and the political cost of the signal and update their unemployment expectations accordingly. Despite failing to differentiate political costs, unsophisticated voters still substantially update their expectations. However, while sophisticated voters intend to engage in substantial prospective economic voting, unsophisticated voters do not relate their new unemployment expectations to their vote intention. These findings suggest that economic information supports economic voting most when it is credible and reaches sophisticated voters.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1086/683832},
  doi        = {10.1086/683832},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1086/683832},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1086/683832},
}

@unpublished{Clayton.etal2017,
	Author = {Clayton, Katherine and Davis, Jase and Hinckley, Kristen and Horiuchi, Yusaku},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Media Source, Selective Exposure, and Susceptibility to False Information},
	Url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3035272 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3035272},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3035272%20or%20http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3035272}}

@article{McCombs.Shaw1972,
	Abstract = {In choosing and displaying news, editors, newsroom staff, and broadcasters play an important part in shaping political reality. Readers learn not only about a given issue, but also how much importance to attach to that issue from the amount of information in a news story and its position. In reflecting what candidates are saying during a campaign, the mass media may well determine the impirtant issues-that is, the media may set the "agenda" of the compaign.},
	Author = {Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw},
	Issn = {0033362X, 15375331},
	Journal = {The Public Opinion Quarterly},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {176-187},
	Publisher = {[Oxford University Press, American Association for Public Opinion Research]},
	Title = {The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2747787},
	Volume = {36},
	Year = {1972},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2747787}}

@article{Walgrave.VanAelst2006,
	Author = {Walgrave, Stefaan and Van Aelst, Peter},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00005.x},
	Issn = {1460-2466},
	Journal = {Journal of Communication},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {88--109},
	Publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc},
	Title = {The Contingency of the Mass Media's Political Agenda Setting Power: Toward a Preliminary Theory},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00005.x},
	Volume = {56},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00005.x}}

@manual{Roberts.etal2018,
	Author = {Margaret E. Roberts and Brandon M. Stewart and Dustin Tingley},
	Title = {stm: R Package for Structural Topic Models},
	Url = {http://www.structuraltopicmodel.com},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.structuraltopicmodel.com}}

@techreport{Lukito.etal2018,
	Author = {Josephine Lukito and Chris Wells and Yini Zhang and Larisa Doroshenko and Sang Jung Kim and Min-Hsin Su and Jiyoun Suk and Yiping Xia and Deen Freelon},
	Institution = {University of Wisconsin-Madison},
	Title = {The Twitter Exploit: How Russian Propaganda Infiltrated U.S. News},
	Url = {https://uwmadison.app.box.com/v/TwitterExploit},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://uwmadison.app.box.com/v/TwitterExploit}}

@article{Watanabe2017,
	Author = {Kohei Watanabe},
	Doi = {10.1080/13216597.2017.1287750},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2017.1287750},
	Journal = {The Journal of International Communication},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {138-158},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {The spread of the Kremlin's narratives by a western news agency during the Ukraine crisis},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2017.1287750},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2017.1287750}}

@article{Vosoughi.etal2018,
	Abstract = {There is worldwide concern over false news and the possibility that it can influence political, economic, and social well-being. To understand how false news spreads, Vosoughi et al. used a data set of rumor cascades on Twitter from 2006 to 2017. About 126,000 rumors were spread by \~{}3 million people. False news reached more people than the truth; the top 1\% of false news cascades diffused to between 1000 and 100,000 people, whereas the truth rarely diffused to more than 1000 people. Falsehood also diffused faster than the truth. The degree of novelty and the emotional reactions of recipients may be responsible for the differences observed.Science, this issue p. 1146We investigated the differential diffusion of all of the verified true and false news stories distributed on Twitter from 2006 to 2017. The data comprise ~126,000 stories tweeted by ~3 million people more than 4.5 million times. We classified news as true or false using information from six independent fact-checking organizations that exhibited 95 to 98\% agreement on the classifications. Falsehood diffused significantly farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information, and the effects were more pronounced for false political news than for false news about terrorism, natural disasters, science, urban legends, or financial information. We found that false news was more novel than true news, which suggests that people were more likely to share novel information. Whereas false stories inspired fear, disgust, and surprise in replies, true stories inspired anticipation, sadness, joy, and trust. Contrary to conventional wisdom, robots accelerated the spread of true and false news at the same rate, implying that false news spreads more than the truth because humans, not robots, are more likely to spread it.},
	Author = {Vosoughi, Soroush and Roy, Deb and Aral, Sinan},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.aap9559},
	Eprint = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1146.full.pdf},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Number = {6380},
	Pages = {1146--1151},
	Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	Title = {The spread of true and false news online},
	Url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1146},
	Volume = {359},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1146},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559}}

@article{Baydakova2017,
	Author = {Anna Baydakova},
	Journal = {Novaya Gazeta},
	Title = {Premier i tot, kogo nelzya nazyvat'},
	Url = {https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/20/72224-premier-i-tot-kogo-nelzya-nazyvat},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2017/04/20/72224-premier-i-tot-kogo-nelzya-nazyvat}}

@article{Lassila2016,
	Author = {Jussi Lassila},
	Doi = {10.1080/09668136.2015.1120276},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1120276},
	Journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {118-137},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Aleksei Naval'nyi and Populist Re-ordering of Putin's Stability},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1120276},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1120276}}

@article{Smyth.Soboleva2016,
	Author = {Regina Smyth and Irina V. Soboleva},
	Journal = {Russian Politics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {347-371},
	Title = {Navalny's Gamesters: Protest, Opposition Innovation, and Authoritarian Stability in Russia},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{Luchterhandt2015,
	Author = {Luchterhandt, O.},
	Journal = {Osteuropa},
	Month = {01},
	Pages = {95-124},
	Title = {Abuse of criminal law: The "Putin System" in the struggle against Aleksei Navalny},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2015}}

@misc{Navalny2017,
	Author = {Alexey Navalny},
	Month = mar,
	Title = {On vam ne Dimon: taynaya imperia Dmitriya Medvedeva},
	Url = {https://dimon.navalny.com/},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://dimon.navalny.com/}}

@techreport{2017,
	Institution = {Brand Media},
	Month = nov,
	Title = {Television station ratings},
	Url = {http://www.brandmedia.ru/serv__idP_51_idP1_68_idP2_2425.html},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.brandmedia.ru/serv__idP_51_idP1_68_idP2_2425.html}}

@article{Healy.etal2010,
	Abstract = {Does information irrelevant to government performance affect voting behavior? If so, how does this help us understand the mechanisms underlying voters{\textquoteright} retrospective assessments of candidates{\textquoteright} performance in office? To precisely test for the effects of irrelevant information, we explore the electoral impact of local college football games just before an election, irrelevant events that government has nothing to do with and for which no government response would be expected. We find that a win in the 10 d before Election Day causes the incumbent to receive an additional 1.61 percentage points of the vote in Senate, gubernatorial, and presidential elections, with the effect being larger for teams with stronger fan support. In addition to conducting placebo tests based on postelection games, we demonstrate these effects by using the betting market{\textquoteright}s estimate of a team{\textquoteright}s probability of winning the game before it occurs to isolate the surprise component of game outcomes. We corroborate these aggregate-level results with a survey that we conducted during the 2009 NCAA men{\textquoteright}s college basketball tournament, where we find that surprising wins and losses affect presidential approval. An experiment embedded within the survey also indicates that personal well-being may influence voting decisions on a subconscious level. We find that making people more aware of the reasons for their current state of mind reduces the effect that irrelevant events have on their opinions. These findings underscore the subtle power of irrelevant events in shaping important real-world decisions and suggest ways in which decision making can be improved.},
	Author = {Healy, Andrew J. and Malhotra, Neil and Mo, Cecilia Hyunjung},
	Doi = {10.1073/pnas.1007420107},
	Eprint = {http://www.pnas.org/content/107/29/12804.full.pdf},
	Issn = {0027-8424},
	Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	Number = {29},
	Pages = {12804--12809},
	Publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
	Title = {Irrelevant events affect voters{\textquoteright} evaluations of government performance},
	Url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/107/29/12804},
	Volume = {107},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.pnas.org/content/107/29/12804},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1007420107}}

@article{Galustyan2017,
	Author = {Artyom Galustyan},
	Journal = {Kommersant},
	Title = {Istoria odnogo Navalnogo},
	Url = {https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2235276},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2235276}}

@article{Meyer.etal2015,
	Author = {Henry Meyer and Irina Reznik and Evgenia Pismennaya},
	Journal = {Bloomberg News},
	Month = jul,
	Title = {Murder, Poisoning, Raids: It's Election Season in Russia},
	Url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-23/murder-poisoning-police-raids-it-s-election-season-in-russia},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-23/murder-poisoning-police-raids-it-s-election-season-in-russia}}

@article{Luhn2013,
	Author = {Alec Luhn},
	Journal = {Echo Moskvy},
	Title = {Kak ya sprosil Putina pro Navalnogo},
	Url = {https://echo.msk.ru/blog/alek_lun/1161250-echo/},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://echo.msk.ru/blog/alek_lun/1161250-echo/}}

@article{Goryashko.Kozlov2017,
	Author = {Sergey Goryashko and Petr Kozlov},
	Journal = {BBC Russia},
	Month = jun,
	Title = {Pervyi posle Putina: Kreml' izuchaet storonnikov Navalnogo},
	Url = {http://www.bbc.com/russian/features-40382589},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.bbc.com/russian/features-40382589}}

@incollection{Lipman.etal2018,
	Author = {Maria Lipman and Anna Kachkaeva and Michael Poyker},
	Booktitle = {The New Autocracy: Information, Politics, and Policy in Putin's Russia},
	Editor = {Daniel Treisman},
	Publisher = {Brookings Institution Press: Washington, D.C.},
	Title = {Media in Russia: Between Modernization and Monopoly},
	Year = {2018}}

@article{Mullainathan.Shleifer2005,
	Author = {Mullainathan, Sendhil and Shleifer, Andrei},
	Doi = {10.1257/0002828054825619},
	Journal = {American Economic Review},
	Month = {September},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1031-1053},
	Title = {The Market for News},
	Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/0002828054825619},
	Volume = {95},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/0002828054825619},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054825619}}

@Article{Andersen.Ross2014,
  author     = {J{\o}rgen J. Andersen and Michael L. Ross},
  journal    = {Comparative Political Studies},
  title      = {The Big Oil Change: A Closer Look at the Haber--Menaldo Analysis},
  year       = {2014},
  number     = {7},
  pages      = {993-1021},
  volume     = {47},
  abstract   = {The claim that oil wealth tends to block democratic transitions has recently been challenged by Haber and Menaldo, who use historical data going back to 1800 and conclude there is no ``resource curse.'' We revisit their data and models, and show they might be correct for the period before the 1970s, but since about 1980, there has been a pronounced resource curse. We argue that oil wealth only became a hindrance to democratic transitions after the transformative events of the 1970s, which enabled developing country governments to capture the oil rents that were previously siphoned off by foreign-owned firms. We also explain why the Haber--Menaldo study failed to identify this: partly because the authors draw invalid inferences from their data and partly because they assume that the relationship between oil wealth and democracy has not changed for the past 200 years.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013488557},
  doi        = {10.1177/0010414013488557},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013488557},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013488557},
}

@article{Perron1989,
	Abstract = {We consider the null hypothesis that a time series has a unit root with possibly nonzero drift against the alternative that the process is "trend-stationary." The interest is that we allow under both the null and alternative hypotheses for the presence of a one-time change in the level or in the slope of the trend function. We show how standard tests of the unit root hypothesis against trend stationary alternatives cannot reject the unit root hypothesis if the true data generating mechanism is that of stationary fluctuations around a trend function which contains a one-time break. This holds even asymptotically. We derive test statistics which allow us to distinguish the two hypotheses when a break is present. Their limiting distribution is established and selected percentage points are tabulated. We apply these tests to the Nelson-Plosser data set and to the postwar quarterly real GNP series. In the former, the break is due to the 1929 crash and takes the form of a sudden change in the level of the series. For 11 out of the 14 series analyzed by Nelson and Plosser we can reject at a high confidence level the unit root hypothesis. In the case of the postwar quarterly real GNP series, the break in the trend function occurs at the time of the oil price shock (1973) and takes the form of a change in the slope. Here again we can reject the null hypothesis of a unit root. If one is ready to postulate that the 1929 crash and the slowdown in growth after 1973 are not realizations of an underlying time-invariant stochastic process but can be modeled as exogenous, then the conclusion is that most macroeconomic time series are not characterized by the presence of a unit root. Fluctuations are indeed stationary around a deterministic trend function. The only "shocks" which have had persistent effects are the 1929 crash and the 1973 oil price shock.},
	Author = {Pierre Perron},
	Issn = {00129682, 14680262},
	Journal = {Econometrica},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1361--1401},
	Publisher = {[Wiley, Econometric Society]},
	Title = {The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1913712},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {1989},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1913712}}

@article{Westerlund2006,
	Abstract = {Abstract This paper proposes a Lagrange multiplier (LM) test for the null hypothesis of cointegration that allows for the possibility of multiple structural breaks in both the level and trend of a cointegrated panel regression. The test is general enough to allow for endogenous regressors, serial correlation and an unknown number of breaks that may be located at different dates for different individuals. We derive the limiting distribution of the test and conduct a small Monte Carlo study to investigate its finite sample properties. In our empirical application to the solvency of the current account, we find evidence of cointegration between saving and investment once a level break is accommodated.},
	Author = {Joakim Westerlund},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0084.2006.00154.x},
	Eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2006.00154.x},
	Journal = {Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics},
	Keywords = {C12, C32, C33, F21},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {101-132},
	Title = {Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks},
	Url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2006.00154.x},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2006.00154.x},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2006.00154.x}}

@article{Boef.Keele2008,
	Abstract = {Dramatic world change has stimulated interest in research questions about the dynamics of politics. We have seen increases in the number of time series data sets and the length of typical time series. But three shortcomings are prevalent in published time series analysis. First, analysts often estimate models without testing restrictions implied by their specification. Second, researchers link the theoretical concept of equilibrium with cointegration and error correction models. Third, analysts often do a poor job of interpreting results. The consequences include weak connections between theory and tests, biased estimates, and incorrect inferences. We outline techniques for estimating linear dynamic regressions with stationary data and weakly exogenous regressors. We recommend analysts (1) start with general dynamic models and test restrictions before adopting a particular specification and (2) use the wide array of information available from dynamic specifications. We illustrate this strategy with data on Congressional approval and tax rates across OECD countries.},
	Author = {Suzanna De Boef and Luke Keele},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00307.x},
	Eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00307.x},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {184-200},
	Title = {Taking Time Seriously},
	Url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00307.x},
	Volume = {52},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00307.x},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00307.x}}

@article{Grant.Lebo2016,
	Author = {Grant, Taylor and Lebo, Matthew J.},
	Doi = {10.1093/pan/mpv027},
	Journal = {Political Analysis},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {3--30},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Error Correction Methods with Political Time Series},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpv027}}

@article{Keele.etal2016,
	Author = {Keele, Luke and Linn, Suzanna and Webb, Clayton McLaughlin},
	Doi = {10.1093/pan/mpv031},
	Journal = {Political Analysis},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {31--41},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Treating Time with All Due Seriousness},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpv031}}

@techreport{Tucker.etal2018,
	Author = {Joshua A. Tucker and Andrew Guess and Pablo Barber{\'a} and Cristian Vaccari and Alexandra Siegel and Sergey Sanovich and Denis Stukal and Brendan Nyhan},
	Institution = {Hewlett Foundation},
	Title = {Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature},
	Url = {https://www.hewlett.org/library/social-media-political-polarization-political-disinformation-review-scientific-literature/},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.hewlett.org/library/social-media-political-polarization-political-disinformation-review-scientific-literature/}}

@book{Tufekci2017,
	Author = {Zeynep Tufekci},
	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
	Title = {Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Reuter.Szakonyi2015,
	Author = {Reuter, Ora John and Szakonyi, David},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0007123413000203},
	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {29--51},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Authoritarian Regimes},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123413000203}}

@article{Motta.etal2017,
	Author = {Motta, Matthew P. and Callaghan, Timothy H. and Smith, Brianna},
	Doi = {10.1093/ijpor/edw027},
	Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/ijpor/29/4/10.1093_ijpor_edw027/1/edw027.pdf},
	Journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {575-603},
	Title = {Looking for Answers: Identifying Search Behavior and Improving Knowledge-Based Data Quality in Online Surveys},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edw027},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edw027}}

@unpublished{Bai.etal2015,
	Author = {Jie Bai and Mikhail Golosov and Nancy Qian and Yan Kai},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Understanding the Influence of Government Controlled Media: Evidence from Air Pollution in China},
	Url = {http://www.econ.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/Qian%2C%20Nancy.15.pdf},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.econ.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/Qian%2C%20Nancy.15.pdf}}

@article{Munger.etal2018,
	Author = {Munger, Kevin and Bonneau, Richard and Nagler, Jonathan and Tucker, Joshua A.},
	Doi = {10.1017/psrm.2018.3},
	Journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
	Pages = {1--20},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Elites Tweet to Get Feet Off the Streets: Measuring Regime Social Media Strategies During Protest},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2018.3}}

@article{Tucker.etal2017,
	Author = {Tucker, Joshua A. and Theocharis, Yannis and Roberts, Margaret E. and Barber{\'a}, Pablo},
	Journal = {Journal of Democracy},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {46-59},
	Title = {From Liberation to Turmoil: Social Media And Democracy},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2017}}

@book{Simpser2013,
	Author = {Alberto Simpser},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Why governments and parties manipulate elections: Theory, practice, and implications},
	Year = {2013}}

@article{Lorentzen2013,
	Author = {Peter L. Lorentzen},
	Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
	Pages = {127-158},
	Title = {Regularizing Rioting: Permitting Public Protest in an Authoritarian Regime},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2013}}

@unpublished{Sobolev2017,
	Author = {Anton Sobolev},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {How Pro-Government "Trolls" Influence Online Conversations in Russia},
	Year = {2019}}

@article{Cho.etal2011,
	Abstract = {Astroturf organizations are fake grassroots organizations usually sponsored by large corporations to support any arguments or claims in their favor, or to challenge and deny those against them. They constitute the corporate version of grassroots social movements. Serious ethical and societal concerns underline this astroturfing practice, especially if corporations are successful in influencing public opinion by undertaking a social movement approach. This study is motivated by this particular issue and examines the effectiveness of astroturf organizations in the global warming context, wherein large corporate polluters have an incentive to set up astroturf organizations to undermine the importance of human activities in climate change. We conduct an experiment to determine whether astroturf organizations have an impact on the level of user certainty about the causes of global warming. Results show that people who used astroturf websites became more uncertain about the causes of global warming and humans' role in the phenomenon than people who used grassroots websites. Astroturf organizations are hence successful in promoting business interests over environmental protection. In addition to the multiple business ethics issues it raises, astroturfing poses a significant threat to the legitimacy of the grassroots movement.},
	Author = {Cho, Charles H. and Martens, Martin L. and Kim, Hakkyun and Rodrigue, Michelle},
	Day = {01},
	Doi = {10.1007/s10551-011-0950-6},
	Issn = {1573-0697},
	Journal = {Journal of Business Ethics},
	Month = {Dec},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {571--587},
	Title = {Astroturfing Global Warming: It Isn't Always Greener on the Other Side of the Fence},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0950-6},
	Volume = {104},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0950-6}}

@unpublished{Labzina2017,
	Author = {Elena Labzina},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Rewriting knowledge: Russian Political Astroturfing as an Ideological Manifestation of the National Role Conceptions},
	Url = {https://cpb-us-west-2-juc1ugur1qwqqqo4.stackpathdns.com/sites.wustl.edu/dist/c/549/files/2017/12/labzina_2017-17fmc4i.pdf},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://cpb-us-west-2-juc1ugur1qwqqqo4.stackpathdns.com/sites.wustl.edu/dist/c/549/files/2017/12/labzina_2017-17fmc4i.pdf}}

@techreport{Bradshaw.Howard2018,
	Author = {Samantha Bradshaw and Phillip N. Howard},
	Institution = {Knight Foundation},
	Title = {Why Does Junk News Spread So Quickly Across Social Media? Algorithms, Advertising and Exposure in Public Life},
	Url = {http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/working-papers/why-does-junk-news-spread-so-quickly-across-social-media/},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/working-papers/why-does-junk-news-spread-so-quickly-across-social-media/}}

@unpublished{Shao.etal2017,
	Author = {Chengcheng Shao and Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia and Onur Varol and Alessandro Flammini and Filippo Menczer},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {The spread of misinformation by social bots},
	Url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.07592.pdf},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.07592.pdf}}

@techreport{Nielsen.Graves2017,
	Author = {Rasmus Kleis Nielsen and Lucas Graves},
	Institution = {Reuters Institute},
	Title = {"News you don't believe": Audience perspectives on fake news},
	Url = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/news-you-dont-believe-audience-perspectives-fake-news},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/news-you-dont-believe-audience-perspectives-fake-news}}

@article{Lazer.etal2018,
	Author = {Lazer, David M. J. and Baum, Matthew A. and Benkler, Yochai and Berinsky, Adam J. and Greenhill, Kelly M. and Menczer, Filippo and Metzger, Miriam J. and Nyhan, Brendan and Pennycook, Gordon and Rothschild, David and Schudson, Michael and Sloman, Steven A. and Sunstein, Cass R. and Thorson, Emily A. and Watts, Duncan J. and Zittrain, Jonathan L.},
	Doi = {10.1126/science.aao2998},
	Eprint = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1094.full.pdf},
	Issn = {0036-8075},
	Journal = {Science},
	Number = {6380},
	Pages = {1094--1096},
	Publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	Title = {The science of fake news},
	Url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1094},
	Volume = {359},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1094},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998}}

@Article{Goel.etal2016,
  author     = {Sharad Goel and Ashton Anderson and Jake Hofman and Duncan J. Watts},
  journal    = {Management Science},
  title      = {The Structural Virality of Online Diffusion},
  year       = {2016},
  number     = {1},
  pages      = {180-196},
  volume     = {62},
  abstract   = {Viral products and ideas are intuitively understood to grow through a person-to-person diffusion process analogous to the spread of an infectious disease; however, until recently it has been prohibitively difficult to directly observe purportedly viral events, and thus to rigorously quantify or characterize their structural properties. Here we propose a formal measure of what we label ``structural virality'' that interpolates between two conceptual extremes: content that gains its popularity through a single, large broadcast and that which grows through multiple generations with any one individual directly responsible for only a fraction of the total adoption. We use this notion of structural virality to analyze a unique data set of a billion diffusion events on Twitter, including the propagation of news stories, videos, images, and petitions. We find that across all domains and all sizes of events, online diffusion is characterized by surprising structural diversity; that is, popular events regularly grow via both broadcast and viral mechanisms, as well as essentially all conceivable combinations of the two. Nevertheless, we find that structural virality is typically low, and remains so independent of size, suggesting that popularity is largely driven by the size of the largest broadcast. Finally, we attempt to replicate these findings with a model of contagion characterized by a low infection rate spreading on a scale-free network. We find that although several of our empirical findings are consistent with such a model, it fails to replicate the observed diversity of structural virality, thereby suggesting new directions for future modeling efforts. This paper was accepted by Lorin Hitt, information systems.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2158},
  doi        = {10.1287/mnsc.2015.2158},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2158},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2158},
}

@incollection{Noble.Schulmann2018,
	Author = {Ben Noble and Ekaterina Schulmann},
	Booktitle = {The New Autocracy: Information, Politics, and Policy in Putin's Russia},
	Editor = {Daniel Treisman},
	Pages = {49-82},
	Publisher = {Brookings Institution Press: Washington, D.C.},
	Title = {Not a Rubber Stamp: Parliament and Lawmaking},
	Year = {2018}}

@unpublished{Buckley.Reuter2017,
	Author = {Buckley, Noah and Reuter, Ora John},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Performance Incentives Under Autocracy: Evidence from Russia's Regions},
	Url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=2903789 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2903789},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=2903789%20or%20http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2903789}}

@article{Krol2017,
	Author = {Gerrit Krol},
	Doi = {10.1080/21599165.2017.1346504},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2017.1346504},
	Journal = {East European Politics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {450-471},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Legislative performance of the Russian State Duma: the role of parliament in an authoritarian regime},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2017.1346504},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2017.1346504}}

@unpublished{Lu.etal2016,
	Author = {Xiaobo Lu and Mingxing Liu and Feiyue Li},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Policy Coalition Building in an Authoritarian Legislature: Evidence from China's National Assemblies (1983--2007)},
	Url = {http://cpd.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Edu_Policy_Legislative_Behavior_LLL_2016_full.pdf},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://cpd.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Edu_Policy_Legislative_Behavior_LLL_2016_full.pdf}}

@article{Kendall-Taylor.etal2017,
	Author = {Andrea Kendall-Taylor and Erica Frantz and Joseph Wright},
	Doi = {10.1080/0163660X.2017.1302735},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2017.1302735},
	Journal = {The Washington Quarterly},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {7-19},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {The Global Rise of Personalized Politics: It's Not Just Dictators Anymore},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2017.1302735},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2017.1302735}}

@article{Shih.etal2012,
	Author = {Victor Shih and Chistopher Adolph and Mingxing Liu},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0003055411000566},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {166--187},
	Title = {Getting Ahead in the Communist Party: Explaining the Advancement of Central Committee Members in China},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055411000566}}

@article{Li.Zhou2005,
	Author = {Hongbin Li and Li-An Zhou},
	Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.06.009},
	Issn = {0047-2727},
	Journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
	Keywords = {Political turnover, Economic performance, Personnel control},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1743 - 1762},
	Title = {Political turnover and economic performance: the incentive role of personnel control in China},
	Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272704001355},
	Volume = {89},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272704001355},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.06.009}}

@article{Choi2012,
	Author = {Choi, Eun Kyong},
	Doi = {10.1017/S030574101200118X},
	Journal = {The China Quarterly},
	Pages = {965--981},
	Title = {Patronage and Performance: Factors in the Political Mobility of Provincial Leaders in Post-Deng China},
	Volume = {212},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S030574101200118X}}

@techreport{Sanovich2017,
	Author = {Sergey Sanovich},
	Institution = {Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda},
	Title = {Computational Propaganda in Russia: The Origins of Digital Disinformation},
	Url = {http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/politicalbots/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/06/Comprop-Russia.pdf},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/politicalbots/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/06/Comprop-Russia.pdf}}

@article{Fedor.Fredheim2017,
	Author = {Julie Fedor and Rolf Fredheim},
	Doi = {10.1080/00905992.2016.1266608},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2016.1266608},
	Journal = {Nationalities Papers},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {161-181},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {``We need more clips about Putin, and lots of them:'' Russia's state-commissioned online visual culture},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2016.1266608},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2016.1266608}}

@book{Roudakova2017,
	Author = {Natalia Roudakova},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Losing Pravda: Ethics and The Press in Post-Truth Russia},
	Year = {2017}}

@unpublished{Miller2018,
	Author = {Blake Miller},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Automated Detection of Chinese Government Astroturfers Using Network and Social Metadata},
	Url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2738325},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2738325}}

@article{Pearce2014,
	Author = {Kathy E. Pearce},
	Journal = {Demokratizatsiya},
	Pages = {39-66},
	Title = {Two can play at that game: Social media opportunities in Azerbaijan for government \& opposition},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2014}}

@article{Bulut.Yoeruek2017,
	Author = {Ergin Bulut and Erdem Y{\"o}r{\"u}k},
	Journal = {International Journal of Communication},
	Pages = {4093-4117},
	Title = {Digital Populism: Trolls and Political Polarization of Twitter in Turkey},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Saka2018,
	Author = {Erkan Saka},
	Doi = {10.1080/19436149.2018.1439271},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2018.1439271},
	Journal = {Middle East Critique},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {161-177},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Social Media in Turkey as a Space for Political Battles: AKTrolls and other Politically motivated trolling},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2018.1439271},
	Volume = {27},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2018.1439271}}

@inproceedings{Mutlu.etal2016,
	Author = {B. Mutlu and M. Mutlu and K. Oztoprak and E. Dogdu},
	Booktitle = {2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data},
	Doi = {10.1109/BigData.2016.7840796},
	Pages = {1792-1798},
	Title = {Identifying trolls and determining terror awareness level in social networks using a scalable framework},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData.2016.7840796}}

@article{Gelman2015,
	Author = {Vladimir Gel'man},
	Doi = {10.1080/10611940.2015.1146058},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10611940.2015.1146058},
	Journal = {Russian Politics \& Law},
	Number = {5-6},
	Pages = {6-26},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {The Politics of Fear},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10611940.2015.1146058},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10611940.2015.1146058}}

@article{Burkhardt.Libman2018,
	Author = {Burkhardt, Fabian and Libman, Alexander},
	Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00302005},
	Journal = {Russian Politics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {239-259},
	Title = {The Tail Wagging the Dog? Top-down and Bottom-up Explanations for Bureaucratic Appointments in Authoritarian Regimes},
	Url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/2451-8921-00302005},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/2451-8921-00302005},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00302005}}

@article{Dubois.Blank2018,
	Author = {Elizabeth Dubois and Grant Blank},
	Doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428656},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428656},
	Journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {729-745},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {The echo chamber is overstated: the moderating effect of political interest and diverse media},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428656},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428656}}

@Article{Kohring.Matthes2007,
  author        = {Matthias Kohring and J{\"o}rg Matthes},
  journal       = {Communication Research},
  title         = {Trust in News Media: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Scale},
  year          = {2007},
  number        = {2},
  pages         = {231-252},
  volume        = {34},
  abstract      = {The dimensions that individuals apply in evaluating the trustworthiness or credibility of news media bear great theoretical and practical relevance. In previous research, however, there is no standardized scale for the measurement of trust in news media. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present the development and validation of a multidimensional scale of trust in news media. A theoretically derived model is tested on a representative sample via confirmatory factor analysis. After some modifications, the model is then validated on another independent sample. These results confirm the hypothesis that trust in news media can be considered a hierarchical factor (of second order) that consists of four lower order factors, including trust in the selectivity of topics, trust in the selectivity of facts, trust in the accuracy of depictions, and trust in journalistic assessment. This model is the first validated scale of trust in news media in communication research.},
  bdsk-url-1    = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650206298071},
  date-modified = {2019-08-30 17:17:48 -0500},
}

@article{Jackob2010,
	Author = {Nikolaus Jackob},
	Journal = {International Journal of Communication},
	Pages = {589-606},
	Title = {No Alternatives? The Relationship Between Perceived Media Dependency, Use of Alternative Information Sources, and General Trust in Mass Media},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{Peisakhin.Rozenas2018,
	Abstract = {Abstract We use plausibly exogenous variation in the availability of the Russian analog television signal in Ukraine to study how a media source with a conspicuous political agenda impacts political behavior and attitudes. Using highly disaggregated election data and an original survey, we estimate that Russian television substantially increased average electoral support for parties and candidates with a ``pro-Russian'' agenda in the 2014 presidential and parliamentary elections. Evidence suggests that this effect is attributable to persuasion rather than differential mobilization. The effectiveness of biased media varied in a politically consequential way: Its impact was largest on voters with strong pro-Russian priors but was less effective, and to some degree even counter-effective, in persuading those with strong pro-Western priors. Our finding suggests that exposing an already polarized society to a biased media source can result in even deeper polarization.},
	Author = {Peisakhin, Leonid and Rozenas, Arturas},
	Date-Modified = {2019-11-28 17:47:39 -0600},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {535-550},
	Title = {Electoral Effects of Biased Media: Russian Television in Ukraine},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12355},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12355}}

@Article{Gunitsky2015,
  author     = {Gunitsky, Seva},
  journal    = {Perspectives on Politics},
  title      = {Corrupting the Cyber-Commons: Social Media as a Tool of Autocratic Stability},
  year       = {2015},
  number     = {1},
  pages      = {42--54},
  volume     = {13},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592714003120},
  publisher  = {Cambridge University Press},
}

@article{Pearce2015,
	Author = {Katy E. Pearce},
	Doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2015.1021705},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1021705},
	Journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1158-1174},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Democratizing kompromat: the affordances of social media for state-sponsored harassment},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1021705},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1021705}}

@article{Lysenko.Brooks2018,
	Author = {Volodymyr Lysenko and Catherine Brooks},
	Journal = {First Monday},
	Number = {5},
	Title = {Russian information troops, disinformation, and democracy},
	Url = {http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8176},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8176}}

@Article{Zelenkauskaite.Balduccini2017,
  author     = {Asta Zelenkauskaite and Marcello Balduccini},
  journal    = {Social Media + Society},
  title      = {``Information Warfare'' and Online News Commenting: Analyzing Forces of Social Influence Through Location-Based Commenting User Typology},
  year       = {2017},
  number     = {3},
  pages      = {2056305117718468},
  volume     = {3},
  abstract   = {While most of the online participation research assumes the Western notion of fulfilling deliberative practices, online contexts have been also found to be an active battleground for so-called information warfare. To test the potential for online comments being used by cross-national political opponents, we analyze the case of online comments on the most active Lithuanian online news portal's Russian-language edition. This news portal presents itself as a unique case, since Russia was found to engage in a support or mobilization of the compatriot community in the Baltic States by exercising ``soft influence.''To analyze such ``soft influence'' our study proposed a framework called Commenting User Typology (CUT). The CUT combines three types of data points: a) content level (topic of the story category), b) user level (frequency of posting), and c) the timing and location of the posting to contribute to studies of online social influence.We have applied the CUT framework to the commenting practices of 4,940 users who produced 34,038 comments over a month. In the analysis, we found that the majority of the users' posts were low in topic variety and infrequent; followed by low in variety and frequent; high in topic variety and frequent; and high in topic variety and infrequent in posting. Moreover, while around a half of the comments come from Lithuania, 16\% from Russia, yet more than 7\% were found to mask IP addresses. Also, the results of this study suggest that more active participants tend to participate in more topic areas and that posting occurs faster in more active topic areas.The implications of this study relate to online news portals overall as well as online news portals in the non-Western contexts or electoral totalitarian regimes as Russia. We argue that user-based analysis, such as the CUT-based approach we proposed, can be particularly relevant for contexts where deliberative practices are still in negotiation.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117718468},
  doi        = {10.1177/2056305117718468},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117718468},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117718468},
}

@techreport{Bradshaw.Howard2017,
	Author = {Samantha Bradshaw and Philip N. Howard},
	Institution = {Oxford Internet Institute},
	Number = {12},
	Title = {Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation},
	Url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cef7e8d9-27bf-4ea5-9fd6-855209b3e1f6},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cef7e8d9-27bf-4ea5-9fd6-855209b3e1f6}}

@article{Chen2015,
	Author = {Adrian Chen},
	Journal = {The New York Times Magazine},
	Month = jun,
	Title = {The Agency},
	Url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html}}

@article{Volchek2015,
	Author = {Dmitry Volchek},
	Journal = {Radio Svoboda/RFE},
	Month = mar,
	Title = {Bezumie kremlevskikh trollei},
	Url = {https://www.svoboda.org/a/26913247.html},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.svoboda.org/a/26913247.html}}

@article{Khachatryan2015,
	Author = {Diana Khachatryan},
	Journal = {Novaya Gazeta},
	Month = mar,
	Title = {Kak stat trollhanterom},
	Url = {https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2015/03/10/63342-kak-stat-trollhanterom},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2015/03/10/63342-kak-stat-trollhanterom}}

@inproceedings{Yang.etal2015,
	Author = {Xiaofeng Yang and Qian Yang and Christo Wilson},
	Booktitle = {Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
	Title = {Penny for Your Thoughts: Searching for the 50 Cent Party on Sina Weibo},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Han2015,
	Author = {Rongbin Han},
	Journal = {Journal of Current Chinese Affairs},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {105-134},
	Title = {Manufacturing Consent in Cyberspace: China's "Fifty-Cent Army"},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2015}}

@misc{Volkov.Goncharov2018,
	Author = {Denis Volkov and Stepan Goncharov},
	Howpublished = {https://www.levada.ru/2018/04/18/informatsionnye-istochniki/},
	Month = apr,
	Note = {Accessed: 2018-07-16},
	Title = {Informatsionnye istochniki},
	Year = {2018}}

@unpublished{Simpser2017,
	Author = {Alberto Simpser},
	Note = {Working paper. Available at SSRN},
	Title = {The Culture of Corruption across Generations: An Empirical Study of Bribery Attitudes and Behavior},
	Url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2241295},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2241295}}

@article{Hobbs.Roberts2018,
	Author = {William R. Hobbs and Margaret E. Roberts},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0003055418000084},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {621--636},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information},
	Volume = {112},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000084}}

@article{Hagenbach.Koessler2017,
	Author = {Jeanne Hagenbach and Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Koessler},
	Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.09.001},
	Issn = {0167-2681},
	Journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization},
	Keywords = {Analogy-based expectations, Signaling, Streisand effect},
	Pages = {1 - 8},
	Title = {The Streisand effect: Signaling and partial sophistication},
	Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268117302421},
	Volume = {143},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268117302421},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.09.001}}

@article{Jansen.Martin2015,
	Author = {Jansen, Sue Curry, and Martin, Brian},
	Journal = {International Journal of Communication},
	Pages = {656--71},
	Title = {The Streisand Effect and Censorship Backfire},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Tao.etal2016,
	Archiveprefix = {arXiv},
	Author = {Rongrong Tao and Baojian Zhou and Adil Alim and Feng Chen and David Mares and Patrick Butler and Naren Ramakrishnan},
	Bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
	Biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/bib/journals/corr/TaoZACMBR16},
	Eprint = {1611.06947},
	Journal = {CoRR},
	Timestamp = {Tue, 28 Nov 2017 18:48:08 +0100},
	Title = {Social Media as a Sensor for Censorship Detection in News Media},
	Url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.06947},
	Volume = {abs/1611.06947},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.06947}}

@article{Gehlbach.etal2010,
	Author = {Scott Gehlbach and Konstantin Sonin and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {718-736},
	Title = {Businessman Candidates},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{Gehlbach.Keefer2012,
	Author = {Scott Gehlbach and Philip Keefer},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {621-635},
	Title = {Private Investment and the Institutionalization of Collective Action in Autocracies: Ruling Parties and Legislatures},
	Volume = {74},
	Year = {2012}}

@Article{BergemannMorris2019,
  author  = {Dirk Bergemann and Stephen Morris},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  title   = {Information Design: A Unified Perspective},
  year    = {2019},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {44-95},
  volume  = {57},
}

@book{Ladd2012,
	Author = {Jonathan M. Ladd},
	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	Title = {Why Americans Hate the Media and How It Matters},
	Year = {2012}}

@article{Vallone.etal1985,
	Author = {Robert P. Vallone and Lee Ross and Mark R. Lepper},
	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {577-585},
	Title = {The Hostile Media Phenomenon: Biased Perception and Perceptions of Media Bias in Coverage of the Beirut Massacre},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {1985}}

@Article{Choi.etal2009,
  author     = {Jounghwa Choi and Myengja Yang and Jeongheon JC Chang},
  journal    = {Communication Research},
  title      = {Elaboration of the Hostile Media Phenomenon: The Roles of Involvement, Media Skepticism, Congruency of Perceived Media Influence, and Perceived Opinion Climate},
  year       = {2009},
  number     = {1},
  pages      = {54-75},
  volume     = {36},
  abstract   = {Hostile media perception (HMP) is a phenomenon showing the significance of individual factors in evaluation of media content. Extending theoretical understanding of HMP, this study has two purposes: (a) to examine the roles of different types of involvement in hostile media effect (HME), that is, value-relevant and outcome-relevant involvement, and (b) to explore relationships between HMP and other media-related perceptions, such as congruency of perceived media influence, media skepticism, and perceived opinion climate. Data were collected from college students in South Korea. Results suggest that value-relevant involvement, rather than outcome-relevant involvement, is a critical predictor of HMP in the context of news coverage of the National Security Law in Korea. HMP also was a significant predictor of congruency of presumed media influence, which in turn predicted perceived opinion climate.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208326462},
  doi        = {10.1177/0093650208326462},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208326462},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208326462},
}

@article{Calvert1985,
	Author = {Randall L. Calvert},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {530-555},
	Title = {The Value of Biased Information: A Rational Choice Model of Political Advice},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {1985}}

@Article{Stamm.Dube1994,
  author     = {Keith Stamm and Ric Dube},
  journal    = {Communication Research},
  title      = {The Relationship of Attitudinal Components to Trust in Media},
  year       = {1994},
  number     = {1},
  pages      = {105-123},
  volume     = {21},
  abstract   = {Past research has proposed that the receiver's relationship to the content of a message will affect credibility attributed to the source. Current literature proposes explanatory mechanisms that require empirical distinctions among the various components of attitude, yet researchers often employ measures of ``attitude extremity'' that confound these components. This study follows Guttman's mathematical theory of attitude and its distinctions between four attitude components: direction, intensity, closure, and involvement. In a survey of 358 adults, relationships between trust in television news and newspaper coverage and each of the four components were tested for six current issues. Significant relationships were found for all four components. Results suggest that existing hypotheses relating credibility to attitude have not anticipated that credibility might be related to more than one component. Interactions occur in which the relation of credibility to one component would be modified by the presence of some other component. Theorizing that introduces contingencies into the consideration of questions dealing with credibility is suggested.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/009365094021001006},
  doi        = {10.1177/009365094021001006},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/009365094021001006},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/009365094021001006},
}

@article{Dalton.etal1998,
	Abstract = {Electoral research acknowledges the growing significance of the mass media in contemporary campaigns, but scholars are divided on the nature of this influence. Using a unique database that includes both media content and public opinion, we examine the flow of partisan information from newspapers to the voters and assess the press's role in electoral politics and citizen learning. We find that the American press does not present clear and singular messages about presidential elections but, rather, multiple messages about the candidates and the campaign. In addition, perception of the information is shaped as much by an individual's political views as by the objective content. Despite the mixed messages, we find that a newspaper's editorial content is significantly related to candidate preferences in 1992. These results challenge the minimal effects interpretation of the media, because local newspapers can play a significant role in providing cues that influence voters' electoral calculus.},
	Author = {Russell J. Dalton and Paul A. Beck and Robert Huckfeldt},
	Issn = {00030554, 15375943},
	Journal = {The American Political Science Review},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {111--126},
	Publisher = {[American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press]},
	Title = {Partisan Cues and the Media: Information Flows in the 1992 Presidential Election},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2585932},
	Volume = {92},
	Year = {1998},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2585932}}

@incollection{Self1996,
	Author = {C.C. Self},
	Booktitle = {An integrated approach to communication theory and research},
	Editor = {M. B. Salwen and D. W. Stacks},
	Pages = {421-444},
	Publisher = {Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum},
	Title = {Credibility},
	Year = {1996}}

@Article{Matthes.Beyer2017,
  author     = {J{\"o}rg Matthes and Audun Beyer},
  journal    = {Communication Research},
  title      = {Toward a Cognitive-Affective Process Model of Hostile Media Perceptions: A Multi-Country Structural Equation Modeling Approach},
  year       = {2017},
  number     = {8},
  pages      = {1075-1098},
  volume     = {44},
  abstract   = {This article develops and tests a theoretical cognitive-affective process model of the hostile media effect (HME). To explain the HME, scholars have mainly focused on cognitive involvement, that is, the extent to which an issue is of personal importance. In addition, we introduce the notion of affective involvement and hypothesize three distinct routes responsible for a HME: a cognitive, an affective, and a cognitive-affective route. Simultaneously collected representative survey data from the United States, Norway, and France employing country-invariant measures provide clear evidence that the three routes each and independently drive the HME. Theoretical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215594234},
  doi        = {10.1177/0093650215594234},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215594234},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215594234},
}

@book{Cappella.Jamieson1997,
	Author = {Joseph N. Cappella and Kathleen Hall Jamieson},
	Publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
	Title = {Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Gronke.Cook2007,
	Author = {Paul Gronke and Timothy E. Cook},
	Journal = {Political Communication},
	Pages = {259-281},
	Title = {Disdaining the Media: The American Public's Changing Attitudes Toward the News},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2007}}

@Article{Matthes2013,
  author     = {J{\"o}rg Matthes},
  journal    = {Communication Research},
  title      = {The Affective Underpinnings of Hostile Media Perceptions: Exploring the Distinct Effects of Affective and Cognitive Involvement},
  year       = {2013},
  number     = {3},
  pages      = {360-387},
  volume     = {40},
  abstract   = {The hostile media effect (HME) refers to a process by which highly involved audiences tend to perceive media coverage as biased against their own views. In this process, issue involvement is usually treated as a cognitive construct, that is, as the extent to which the attitudinal issue under consideration is of personal importance. Although Vallone, Ross, and Lepper raised the issue of affective involvement in their seminal study, hardly any research has tried to disentangle the effects of cognitive and affective involvement. Thus, the aim of this article is to clarify whether the HME is triggered by cognitive and/or affective involvement. Data from three survey studies demonstrate that affective involvement---measured as emotional arousal or as the experience of concrete emotions---can explain the HME over and beyond cognitive involvement. Implications of these findings for future HME research are discussed.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211420255},
  doi        = {10.1177/0093650211420255},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211420255},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211420255},
}

@article{Daniller.etal2017,
	Author = {Andrew Daniller and Douglas Allen and Ashley Tallevi and Diana C. Mutz},
	Doi = {10.1080/19312458.2016.1271113},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2016.1271113},
	Journal = {Communication Methods and Measures},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {76-85},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Measuring Trust in the Press in a Changing Media Environment},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2016.1271113},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2016.1271113}}

@book{Hovland.etal1959,
	Author = {Carl I. Hovland and Irving L. Janis and Harold H. Kelley},
	Publisher = {New Haven: Yale University Press},
	Title = {Communication and Persuasion: Psychological Studies of Opinion Change},
	Year = {1959}}

@article{Meyer1988,
	Author = {P. Meyer},
	Journal = {Journalism Quarterly},
	Pages = {567-574},
	Title = {Defining and measuring credibility of newspapers: Developing an index},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {1988}}

@Article{Appelman.Sundar2016,
  author     = {Alyssa Appelman and S. Shyam Sundar},
  journal    = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly},
  title      = {Measuring Message Credibility: Construction and Validation of an Exclusive Scale},
  year       = {2016},
  number     = {1},
  pages      = {59-79},
  volume     = {93},
  abstract   = {Despite calls to conceptualize credibility as three separate concepts---source credibility, message credibility, and media credibility---there exists no scale that exclusively measures message credibility. To address this gap, the current study constructs and validates a new scale. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis suggest that message credibility, specifically in the context of news, can be measured by asking participants to rate how well three adjectives describe content: accurate, authentic, and believable. Validity and reliability tests are reported, and contributions to credibility research are discussed.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015606057},
  doi        = {10.1177/1077699015606057},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015606057},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015606057},
}

@article{Prochazka.Schweiger2018,
	Author = {Fabian Prochazka and Wolfgang Schweiger},
	Doi = {10.1080/19312458.2018.1506021},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2018.1506021},
	Journal = {Communication Methods and Measures},
	Number = {0},
	Pages = {1-17},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {How to measure generalized trust in news media? An adaptation and test of scales},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2018.1506021},
	Volume = {0},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2018.1506021}}

@article{Yale.etal2015,
	Author = {Robert N. Yale and Jakob D. Jensen and Nick Carcioppolo and Ye Sun and Miao Liu},
	Journal = {Communication Methods and Measures},
	Pages = {152-169},
	Title = {Examining First- and Second-Order Factor Structures for News Credibility},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2015}}

@incollection{Abdulla.etal2004,
	Author = {Rasha A. Abdulla and Bruce Garrison and Michael B. Salwen and Paul D. Driscoll and Denise Casey},
	Booktitle = {Online News and the Public},
	Pages = {147-163},
	Publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
	Title = {Online news credibility},
	Year = {2004}}

@article{Duyn.Collier2018,
	Author = {Van Duyn, Emily and Collier, Jessica},
	Doi = {10.1080/15205436.2018.1511807},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1511807},
	Journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
	Number = {ja},
	Pages = {null},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Priming and Fake News: The Effects of Elite Discourse on Evaluations of News Media},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1511807},
	Volume = {0},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1511807}}

@book{Yablokov2018,
	Author = {Ilya Yablokov},
	Publisher = {Wiley},
	Title = {Fortress Russia: Conspiracy Theories in the Post-Soviet World},
	Year = {2018}}

@incollection{Gentzkow.etal2015,
	Author = {Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse M. Shapiro and Daniel F. Stone},
	Booktitle = {Handbook of Media Economics},
	Editor = {Simon Anderson and Joel Waldfogel and David Stromberg},
	Publisher = {Elsevier},
	Title = {Media Bias in the Marketplace: Theory},
	Year = {2015}}

@article{Ansolabehere.etal2006,
	Author = {Stephen Ansolabehere and Rebecca Lessem and James M. Snyder Jr.},
	Doi = {10.1561/100.00000009},
	Issn = {1554-0626},
	Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {393-404},
	Title = {The Orientation of Newspaper Endorsements in U.S. Elections, 1940--2002},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00000009},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00000009}}

@article{Durante.Knight2012,
	Abstract = {Abstract This paper examines whether and how viewers respond to changes in partisan bias in media news. We use data from Italy, where the main private television network is owned by Silvio Berlusconi, the leader of the center-right coalition, and the public television corporation is largely controlled by the ruling coalition. We first document that after the 2001 national elections, when the control of the government moved from the center-left to the center-right, news content on public television shifted to the right. Using individual survey data, we find robust evidence that viewers responded to these changes by modifying their choice of favorite news programs. On the one hand, right-leaning viewers increased their propensity to watch public channels which, even after the change, remained to the left of private channels. On the other hand, left-wing viewers reacted by switching from the main public channel to another public channel that was controlled by the left during both periods. We show that this behavioral response, which tended to shift ideological exposure to the left, significantly, though only partially, offset the movement of public news content to the right.},
	Author = {Durante, Ruben and Knight, Brian},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01060.x},
	Eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01060.x},
	Journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
	Keywords = {D7, H0},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {451-481},
	Title = {Partisan Control, Media Bias, and Viewers' Responses: Evidence from Berlusconi's Italy},
	Url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01060.x},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01060.x},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01060.x}}

@article{Gentzkow.Shapiro2010,
	Abstract = {We construct a new index of media slant that measures the similarity of a news outlet's language to that of a congressional Republican or Democrat. We estimate a model of newspaper demand that incorporates slant explicitly, estimate the slant that would be chosen if newspapers independently maximized their own profits, and compare these profit-maximizing points with firms' actual choices. We find that readers have an economically significant preference for like-minded news. Firms respond strongly to consumer preferences, which account for roughly 20 percent of the variation in measured slant in our sample. By contrast, the identity of a newspaper's owner explains far less of the variation in slant.},
	Author = {Gentzkow, Matthew and Shapiro, Jesse M.},
	Doi = {10.3982/ECTA7195},
	Eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3982/ECTA7195},
	Journal = {Econometrica},
	Keywords = {Bias, text categorization, media ownership},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {35-71},
	Title = {What Drives Media Slant? Evidence From U.S. Daily Newspapers},
	Url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3982/ECTA7195},
	Volume = {78},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3982/ECTA7195},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA7195}}

@article{Groseclose.Milyo2005,
	Author = {Groseclose, Tim and Milyo, Jeffrey},
	Doi = {10.1162/003355305775097542},
	Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/qje/120/4/10.1162/003355305775097542/2/120-4-1191.pdf},
	Journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1191-1237},
	Title = {A Measure of Media Bias},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355305775097542},
	Volume = {120},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003355305775097542}}

@article{Nyhan2012,
	Author = {Brendan Nyhan},
	Journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {767-771},
	Title = {Does the US Media Have a Liberal Bias?},
	Volume = {10},
	Year = {2012}}

@misc{WVS2015,
	Author = {{WVS}},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-30 17:18:45 -0500},
	Language = {eng},
	Publisher = {World Values Survey Association (www.worldvaluessurvey.org)},
	Title = {World Values Survey 1981-2014 official aggregate v.20150418},
	Year = {2015}}

@misc{EVS2015,
	Author = {{EVS}},
	Doi = {10.4232/1.12253},
	Keywords = {KAT50 Society, Culture, KAT57 Religion and "Weltanschauung"},
	Language = {eng},
	Publisher = {GESIS Data Archive},
	Title = {European Values Study Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (EVS 1981-2008)},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.4232/1.12253}}

@Misc{Levada-Center2015,
  author       = {{Levada Center}},
  howpublished = {https://www.levada.ru/2015/07/27/rassledovanie-katastrofy-boinga/},
  title        = {Rassledovanie katastrofy Boinga},
  year         = {2015},
}

@Misc{Levada-Center2016,
  author       = {{Levada Center}},
  howpublished = {https://www.levada.ru/2016/08/12/14111/},
  title        = {Doverie SMI i gotovnost' vyskazyvat' svoyo mnenie},
  year         = {2016},
}

@Misc{Levada-Center2018,
  author       = {{Levada Center}},
  howpublished = {https://www.levada.ru/2018/09/13/kanaly-informatsii/},
  title        = {Kanaly informatsii},
  year         = {2018},
}

@unpublished{Simonov.Rao2018,
	Author = {Simonov, Andrey and Rao, Justin M.},
	Note = {Columbia Business School Research Paper No. 17-100},
	Title = {What Drives Demand for Government-Controlled News in Russia?},
	Url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3051165 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3051165},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3051165%20or%20http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3051165}}

@book{Kahneman2011,
	Author = {Daniel Kahneman},
	Publisher = {Farrar, Straus and Giroux},
	Title = {Thinking, Fast and Slow},
	Year = {2011}}

@article{Pallier.etal2002,
	Author = {Gerry Pallier and Rebecca Wilkinson and Vanessa Danthiir and Sabina Kleitman and Goran Knezevic and Lazar Stankov and Richard D. Roberts},
	Doi = {10.1080/00221300209602099},
	Journal = {The Journal of General Psychology},
	Month = {jul},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {257--299},
	Publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
	Title = {The Role of Individual Differences in the Accuracy of Confidence Judgments},
	Volume = {129},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00221300209602099}}

@article{Kruger.Dunning1999,
	Author = {Justin Kruger and David Dunning},
	Doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121},
	Journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {1121--1134},
	Publisher = {American Psychological Association ({APA})},
	Title = {Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one{\textquotesingle}s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.},
	Volume = {77},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121}}

@article{Moore.Healy2008,
	Author = {Don A. Moore and Paul J. Healy},
	Doi = {10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.502},
	Journal = {Psychological Review},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {502--517},
	Publisher = {American Psychological Association ({APA})},
	Title = {The trouble with overconfidence.},
	Volume = {115},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.502}}

@book{Johnson2009,
	Author = {Dominic D. P. Johnson},
	Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	Title = {Overconfidence and War},
	Year = {2009}}

@book{Tetlock2005,
	Author = {Philip E. Tetlock},
	Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	Title = {Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know?},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Mummolo.Peterson2018,
	Author = {Mummolo, Jonathan and Peterson, Erik},
	Doi = {10.1017/psrm.2017.44},
	Journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {829--835},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Improving the Interpretation of Fixed Effects Regression Results},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2017.44}}

@book{Hastie.Tibshirani1990,
	Author = {Hastie, T. J. and Tibshirani, R. J.},
	Publisher = {Chapman and Hall},
	Title = {Generalized Additive Models},
	Year = {1990}}

@unpublished{Cook.Gronke2001,
	Author = {Timothy E. Cook and Paul Gronke},
	Title = {The Dimensions of Institutional Trust: How Distinct is Public Confidence in the Media?},
	Url = {http://people.reed.edu/~gronkep/docs/MIDW2001.pdf},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://people.reed.edu/~gronkep/docs/MIDW2001.pdf}}

@article{Offe.Adler1991,
	Author = {Claus Offe and Pierre Adler},
	Issn = {0037783X},
	Journal = {Social Research},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {865--892},
	Publisher = {The New School},
	Title = {Capitalism by Democratic Design? Democratic Theory Facing the Triple Transition in East Central Europe},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40970678},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {1991},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40970678}}

@article{Fariss2014,
	Author = {Christopher J. Fariss},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0003055414000070},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {297--318},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Respect for Human Rights has Improved Over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability},
	Volume = {108},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000070}}

@article{Schnakenberg.Fariss2014,
	Author = {Schnakenberg, Keith E. and Fariss, Christopher J.},
	Doi = {10.1017/psrm.2013.15},
	Journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--31},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Dynamic Patterns of Human Rights Practices},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2013.15}}

@techreport{MIP2016,
	Author = {{Media Insight Project}},
	Institution = {American Press Institute},
	Month = apr,
	Title = {A New Understanding: What Makes People Trust and Rely on News},
	Url = {https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/trust-news/single-page/},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/trust-news/single-page/}}

@article{Hale2018,
	Author = {Henry E. Hale},
	Journal = {Comparative Politics},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {369-391},
	Title = {How Crimea Pays: Media, Rallying 'Round the Flag, and Authoritarian Support},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {2018}}

@article{Western2005,
	Author = {Jon Western},
	Doi = {10.1080/09636410591002518},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09636410591002518},
	Journal = {Security Studies},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {106-139},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {The War over Iraq: Selling War to the American Public},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09636410591002518},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09636410591002518}}

@misc{PublicMind2015,
	Author = {{PublicMind}},
	Howpublished = {http://publicmind.fdu.edu/2015/false/},
	Month = jan,
	Title = {Ignorance, Partisanship Drive False Beliefs about Obama, Iraq},
	Year = {2015}}

@incollection{Rogov.Ananyev2018,
	Author = {Kirill Rogov and Maxim Ananyev},
	Booktitle = {The New Autocracy: Information, Politics, and Policy in Putin's Russia},
	Editor = {Daniel Treisman},
	Pages = {191-216},
	Publisher = {Brookings Institution Press: Washington, D.C.},
	Title = {Public Opinion and Russian Politics},
	Year = {2018}}

@Article{Jones2004,
  author     = {David A. Jones},
  journal    = {International Journal of Press/Politics},
  title      = {Why Americans Don't Trust the Media: A Preliminary Analysis},
  year       = {2004},
  number     = {2},
  pages      = {60-75},
  volume     = {9},
  abstract   = {An alarming number of Americans no longer trust the media to report the news fairly---a serious problem in a democracy that depends so much on news organizations to inform its citizens. As a first step toward explaining this phenomenon, this study explores various factors that explain individual-level variation in media trust. One key factor appears to be trust in government, suggesting that the media's lowly stature may stem more from general political malaise than from the many shortcomings of contemporary news coverage. Interestingly, trust in the media is particularly low among conservative Republicans, especially those who listen to political talk radio. For these Americans, perhaps the problem with the media rests on what they see as a liberal bias, not declining journalistic standards.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X04263461},
  doi        = {10.1177/1081180X04263461},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X04263461},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X04263461},
}

@article{Kiousis2001,
	Author = {Spiro Kiousis},
	Doi = {10.1207/S15327825MCS0404\_4},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0404_4},
	Journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {381-403},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Public Trust or Mistrust? Perceptions of Media Credibility in the Information Age},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0404_4},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0404_4},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0404%5C_4}}

@incollection{Inglehart1999a,
	Author = {Ronald Inglehart},
	Booktitle = {Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government},
	Editor = {Pippa Norris},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {Postmodernization Erodes Respect for Authority, But Increases Support for Democracy},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Catterberg.Moreno2006,
	Author = {Catterberg, Gabriela and Moreno, Alejandro},
	Doi = {10.1093/ijpor/edh081},
	Eprint = {/oup/backfile/content_public/journal/ijpor/18/1/10.1093/ijpor/edh081/2/edh081.pdf},
	Journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {31-48},
	Title = {The Individual Bases of Political Trust: Trends in New and Established Democracies},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edh081},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edh081}}

@Article{Tolz.Teper2018,
  author     = {Vera Tolz and Yuri Teper},
  journal    = {Post-Soviet Affairs},
  title      = {Broadcasting agitainment: a new media strategy of Putin's third presidency},
  year       = {2018},
  number     = {4},
  pages      = {213-227},
  volume     = {34},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1459023},
  publisher  = {Routledge},
}

@techreport{Faris.etal2017,
	Author = {Faris, Robert and Roberts, Hal and Etling, Bruce and Bourassa, Nikki and Zuckerman, Ethan and Benkler, Yochai},
	Institution = {Berkman Klein Center},
	Month = aug,
	Note = {Research Publication 2017-6},
	Title = {Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election},
	Url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3019414},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3019414}}

@Article{Falcous.etal2018,
  author     = {Mark Falcous and Matthew G. Hawzen and Joshua I. Newman},
  journal    = {Communication \& Sport},
  title      = {Hyperpartisan Sports Media in Trump's America: The Metapolitics of Breitbart Sports},
  year       = {2018},
  abstract   = {The rise of Donald Trump has widely been seen as concurrent to the emergence of the ``Alt-Right'' that coalesces around intersecting themes of conservativism: White ethno-nationalist ``race realism,'' populism, misogyny, evangelical theocracy, border protectionism, and anti-liberalism. Media has been a key site of struggle in these developments, with attacks on mainstream media bringing into focus wider questions of truth and legitimacy in journalism. In particular, Trump's rise has been synonymous with the heightened profile of the Breitbart News website, a purveyor of hyperpartisan, conservative political ideologies. In this article, we consider the place of Breitbart Sports within this dynamic political and media order. Our analysis of the lead-up to the 2016 Presidential election reveals the extent to which Breitbart Sports conveyed a vision of U.S. sport that promoted hard-right agendas in relation to U.S. global stewardship, veiled ``race'' reclamation discourses, media, immigration, social criticism, policing, sexual politics, and party politics. Breitbart Sports framing casts sport as a liberally infested cultural battleground, where conservativism is under threat. We conclude with a brief discussion about the role of new media in framing political exigencies and the role of sport in contemporary American society.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479518801557},
  doi        = {10.1177/2167479518801557},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479518801557},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479518801557},
}

@article{Groshek.Koc-Michalska2017,
	Author = {Jacob Groshek and Karolina Koc-Michalska},
	Doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2017.1329334},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1329334},
	Journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	Number = {9},
	Pages = {1389-1407},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Helping populism win? Social media use, filter bubbles, and support for populist presidential candidates in the 2016 US election campaign},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1329334},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1329334}}

@misc{SimmonsResearch2018,
	Author = {{Simmons Research}},
	Howpublished = {https://www.simmonsresearch.com/2018/10/03/rise-doubters-consumers-weigh-fake-news-media-trustworthiness/},
	Month = oct,
	Title = {Rise of the Doubters: Consumers Weigh-in on Fake News and Media Trustworthiness},
	Year = {2018}}

@Article{Watts.etal1999,
  author     = {Mark D. Watts and David Domke and Dhavan V. Shah and David P. Fan},
  journal    = {Communication Research},
  title      = {Elite Cues and Media Bias in Presidential Campaigns: Explaining Public Perceptions of a Liberal Press},
  year       = {1999},
  number     = {2},
  pages      = {144-175},
  volume     = {26},
  abstract   = {Public perception of a biased news media, particularly media biased in a liberal direction, has increased over the past 3 presidential elections. To examine what might be influencing this public opinion, the authors look at shifts in public perception of media bias, press coverage of the topic of media bias, and the balance in valence coverage of presidential candidates---all during the 1988, 1992, and 1996 presidential elections. Their results suggest that the rise in public perception that news media are liberally biased is not the result of bias in valence news coverage of the candidates, but, rather, due to increasing news self-coverage that focuses on the general topic of bias in news content. Furthermore, the increased claims of media bias come primarily from conservative elites who have proclaimed a liberal bias that is viewed as including the entire media industry.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002003},
  doi        = {10.1177/009365099026002003},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002003},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002003},
}

@Article{Darmofal2005,
  author     = {David Darmofal},
  journal    = {Political Research Quarterly},
  title      = {Elite Cues and Citizen Disagreement with Expert Opinion},
  year       = {2005},
  number     = {3},
  pages      = {381-395},
  volume     = {58},
  abstract   = {Though scholars have long been concerned about the quality of citizens' political decision making, we still know little about why citizens disagree with the best-informed opinion in society, that of public policy experts. In this article, I examine the factors that lead citizens to disagree with expert opinion on questions of public policy. I find that both elite cues and individual-level attributes of citizens lead individuals to disagree with experts. In contrast to the expectations of many recent studies of cue taking, I find that citizens are more likely to disagree with expert opinion when political elites they favor challenge this opinion. Citizens also disagree with experts as a consequence of low levels of knowledge, existing policy preferences, and life experiences. The study's results challenge the optimistic conclusions of many recent studies of cue taking and argue that there is significant value in the conventional wisdom that preceded these studies. Elite cues are not a consistent means to effective policy judgments. Instead, when it comes to reaching effective policy decisions, there is no substitute for knowledge.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290505800302},
  doi        = {10.1177/106591290505800302},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290505800302},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290505800302},
}

@Article{Hooghe.Marks2005,
  author     = {Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks},
  journal    = {European Union Politics},
  title      = {Calculation, Community and Cues: Public Opinion on European Integration},
  year       = {2005},
  number     = {4},
  pages      = {419-443},
  volume     = {6},
  abstract   = {This article summarizes and extends the main lines of theorizing on public opinion on European integration. We test theories of economic calculus and communal identity in a multi-level analysis of Eurobarometer data. Both economic calculus and communal identity are influential, but the latter is stronger than the former. We theorize how the political consequences of identity are contested and shaped - that is to say, politically cued - in national contexts. The more national elites are divided, the more citizens are cued to oppose European integration, and this effect is particularly pronounced among citizens who see themselves as exclusively national. A model that synthesizes economic, identity, and cue theory explains around one-quarter of variation at the individual level and the bulk of variation at the national and party levels.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116505057816},
  doi        = {10.1177/1465116505057816},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116505057816},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116505057816},
}

@misc{Coppedge.etal2018,
	Author = {Coppedge, Michael and Gerring, John and Knutsen, Carl Henrik and Lindberg, Staffan I. and Skaaning, Svend-Erik and Teorell, Jan and Altman, David and Bernhard, Michael and Fish, M. Steven and Cornell, Agnes and Dahlum, Sirianne and Gjerl{\o}w, Haakon and Glynn, Adam and Hicken, Allen and Krusell, Joshua and L{\"u}hrmann, Anna and Marquardt, Kyle L. and McMann, Kelly and Mechkova, Valeriya and Medzihorsky, Juraj and Olin, Moa and Paxton, Pamela and Pemstein, Daniel and Pernes, Josefine and Von R{\"o}mer, Johannes and Seim, Brigitte and Sigman, Rachel and Staton, Jeffrey and Stepanova, Natalia and Sundstr{\"o}m, Aksel and Tzelgov, Eitan and Wang, Yi-Ting and Wig, Tore and Wilson, Steven and Ziblatt, Daniel},
	Doi = {10.23696/vdemcy18},
	Publisher = {Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project},
	Title = {V-Dem Country-Year Dataset 2018},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy18}}

@article{Katz.etal1973,
	Author = {Elihu Katz and Jay G. Blumler and Michael Gurevitch},
	Issn = {0033362X, 15375331},
	Journal = {The Public Opinion Quarterly},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {509--523},
	Publisher = {[Oxford University Press, American Association for Public Opinion Research]},
	Title = {Uses and Gratifications Research},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2747854},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {1973},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2747854}}

@Article{Ruggiero2000,
  author     = {Thomas E. Ruggiero},
  journal    = {Mass Communication and Society},
  title      = {Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century},
  year       = {2000},
  number     = {1},
  pages      = {3-37},
  volume     = {3},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02},
  bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301%5C_02},
  publisher  = {Routledge},
}

@article{Green.Srinivasan1978,
	Abstract = {Since 1971 conjoint analysis has been applied to a wide variety of problems in consumer research. This paper discusses various issues involved in implementing conjoint analysis and describes some new technical developments and application areas for the methodology.},
	Author = {Paul E. Green and V. Srinivasan},
	Issn = {00935301, 15375277},
	Journal = {Journal of Consumer Research},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {103--123},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {Conjoint Analysis in Consumer Research: Issues and Outlook},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489001},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {1978},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489001}}

@article{Green.Srinivasan1990,
	Abstract = {The authors update and extend their 1978 review of conjoint analysis. In addition to discussing several new developments, they consider alternative approaches for measuring preference structures in the presence of a large number of attributes. They also discuss other topics such as reliability, validity, and choice simulators.},
	Author = {Paul E. Green and V. Srinivasan},
	Issn = {00222429},
	Journal = {Journal of Marketing},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {3--19},
	Publisher = {American Marketing Association},
	Title = {Conjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments with Implications for Research and Practice},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1251756},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {1990},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1251756}}

@article{Knudsen.Johannesson2018,
	Author = {Erik Knudsen and Mikael Poul Johannesson},
	Doi = {10.1080/10584609.2018.1493009},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1493009},
	Journal = {Political Communication},
	Number = {0},
	Pages = {1-13},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Beyond the Limits of Survey Experiments: How Conjoint Designs Advance Causal Inference in Political Communication Research},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1493009},
	Volume = {0},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1493009}}

@unpublished{Munger.etal2018a,
	Author = {Kevin Munger and Mario Luca and Jonathan Nagler and Joshua A. Tucker},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Everyone On Mechanical Turk is Above a Threshold of Digital Literacy: Sampling Strategies for Studying Digital Media Effects},
	Url = {https://csdp.princeton.edu/sites/csdp/files/media/munger_mturk_digital_literacy_note_0.pdf},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://csdp.princeton.edu/sites/csdp/files/media/munger_mturk_digital_literacy_note_0.pdf}}

@article{Zakharov.Reiter2018,
	Author = {Andrey Zakharov and Svetlana Reiter},
	Journal = {BBC Russian},
	Title = {Roskomnadzor vnedrit novuyu tehnologiyu blokirovok Telegram za 20 mlrd rubley},
	Url = {https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-46596673},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.bbc.com/russian/features-46596673}}

@article{Rubin2018,
	Author = {Mikhail Rubin},
	Journal = {Proekt},
	Title = {Telega is Kremlya. Rasskaz o tom, kak vlasti prevratili Telegram v televisor},
	Url = {https://www.proekt.media/narrative/telegram-kanaly/},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.proekt.media/narrative/telegram-kanaly/}}

@unpublished{Angelis.Vecchiato2018,
	Author = {Andrea De Angelis and Alessandro Vecchiato},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Panem et Circenses: The Persuasive Effect of Soft News in Berlusconi's Italy},
	Url = {https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sTHw3EQNteK4QfH4WWNa0u1fP71bEfB_/view},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sTHw3EQNteK4QfH4WWNa0u1fP71bEfB_/view}}

@article{Baker.etal1988,
	Abstract = {A thorough understanding of internal incentive structures is critical to developing a viable theory of the firm, since these incentives determine to a large extent how individuals inside an organization behave. Many common features of organizational incentive systems are not easily explained by traditional economic theory--including egalitarian pay systems in which compensation is largely independent of performance, the overwhelming use of promotion-based incentive systems, the absence of up-front fees for jobs and effective bonding contracts, and the general reluctance of employers to fire, penalize, or give poor performance evaluations to employees. Typical explanations for these practices offered by behaviorists and practitioners are distinctly uneconomic--focusing on notions such as fairness, equity, morale, trust, social responsibility, and culture. The challenge to economists is to provide viable economic explanations for these practices or to integrate these alternative notions into the traditional economic model.},
	Author = {George P. Baker and Michael C. Jensen and Kevin J. Murphy},
	Issn = {00221082, 15406261},
	Journal = {The Journal of Finance},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {593--616},
	Publisher = {[American Finance Association, Wiley]},
	Title = {Compensation and Incentives: Practice vs. Theory},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2328185},
	Volume = {43},
	Year = {1988},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2328185}}

@book{Milgrom.Roberts1992,
	Author = {Paul Milgrom and John Roberts},
	Publisher = {Pearson},
	Title = {Economics, Organization and Management},
	Year = {1992}}

@article{Fairburn.Malcomson2001,
	Abstract = {{This paper considers why organizations use promotions, rather than just monetary bonuses, to motivate employees even though this may conflict with efficient assignment of employees to jobs. When performance is unverifiable, use of promotion reduces the incentive for managers to be affected by influence activities that would blunt the effectiveness of monetary bonuses. When employees are risk neutral, use of promotion for incentives need not distort assignments. When they are risk averse, it may---sufficient conditions for this are given. The distortion may be either to promote more employees than is efficient (the Peter Principle effect) or fewer.``Promotions serve two roles in an organization. First, they help assign people to the roles where they can best contribute to the organization's performance. Second, promotions serve as incentives and rewards.'' (Milgrom and Roberts (1992, p. 364))``Promotions are used as the primary incentive device in most organizations, including corporations, partnerships, and universities {\ldots} This {\ldots} is puzzling to us because promotion-based incentive schemes have many disadvantages and few advantages relative to bonus-based incentive schemes.'' (Baker, Jensen and Murphy (1988, p. 600))}},
	Author = {Fairburn, James A. and Malcomson, James M.},
	Doi = {10.1111/1467-937X.00159},
	Eprint = {http://oup.prod.sis.lan/restud/article-pdf/68/1/45/4465834/68-1-45.pdf},
	Issn = {0034-6527},
	Journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
	Month = {01},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {45-66},
	Title = {{Performance, Promotion, and the Peter Principle}},
	Url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-937X.00159},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-937X.00159}}

@article{Campbell2008,
	Author = {Dennis Campbell},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1475-679x.2008.00275.x},
	Journal = {Journal of Accounting Research},
	Month = {may},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {297--332},
	Publisher = {Wiley},
	Title = {Nonfinancial Performance Measures and Promotion-Based Incentives},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679x.2008.00275.x}}

@article{Zhou2007,
	Author = {Li-an Zhou},
	Journal = {Economic Research Journal},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {36-50},
	Title = {Governing China's Local Officials:An Analysis of Promotion Tournament Model},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Schomaker.Heumann2018,
	Author = {Michael Schomaker and Christian Heumann},
	Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.7654},
	Journal = {Statistics in Medicine},
	Number = {37},
	Pages = {2252--2266},
	Title = {Bootstrap Inference when Using Multiple Imputation},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.7654}}

@article{Honaker.etal2011,
	Author = {James Honaker and Gary King and Matthew Blackwell},
	Journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
	Number = {7},
	Title = {Amelia II: A Program for Missing Data},
	Volume = {45},
	Year = {2011}}

@misc{Choirat.etal2007,
	Author = {Christine Choirat and Christopher Gandrud and James Honaker and Kosuke Imai and Gary King and Olivia Lau},
	Howpublished = {http://zeligproject.org/},
	Title = {Zelig: Everyone's Statistical Software},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Luo.Rozenas2018,
	Author = {Zhaotian Luo and Arturas Rozenas},
	Doi = {10.1561/100.00016095},
	Journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
	Month = {mar},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--28},
	Publisher = {Now Publishers},
	Title = {Strategies of Election Rigging: Trade-Offs, Determinants, and Consequences},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00016095}}

@book{Reuter2017,
	Author = {Reuter, Ora John},
	Date = {2017-03-27},
	Ean = {9781107171763},
	Isbn = {1107171768},
	Pagetotal = {332},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {The Origins of Dominant Parties. Building Authoritarian Institutions in Post-Soviet Russia},
	Url = {https://www.ebook.de/de/product/29021904/ora_john_reuter_the_origins_of_dominant_parties.html},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.ebook.de/de/product/29021904/ora_john_reuter_the_origins_of_dominant_parties.html}}

@article{March2009,
	Author = {March, Luke},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0037677900019707},
	Journal = {Slavic Review},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {504--527},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Managing Opposition in a Hybrid Regime: Just Russia and Parastatal Opposition},
	Volume = {68},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0037677900019707}}

@article{White2011,
	Author = {David White},
	Doi = {10.1080/13510347.2011.563122},
	Journal = {Democratization},
	Month = {may},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {655--681},
	Publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
	Title = {Dominant party systems: a framework for conceptualizing opposition strategies in Russia},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2011.563122}}

@article{Gelman2005,
	Author = {Vladimir Gelman},
	Doi = {10.2747/1060-586x.21.3.226},
	Journal = {Post-Soviet Affairs},
	Month = {jan},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {226--246},
	Publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
	Title = {Political Opposition in Russia: A Dying Species?},
	Volume = {21},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2747/1060-586x.21.3.226}}

@article{Blake2018,
	Author = {Aaron Blake},
	Journal = {The Washington Post},
	Month = jul,
	Title = {President Trump's news conference with Russia's Putin, annotated},
	Url = {https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/07/16/full-text-president-trumps-news-conference-with-russias-putin/},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/07/16/full-text-president-trumps-news-conference-with-russias-putin/}}

@manual{Blair.etal2018,
	Author = {Graeme Blair and Jasper Cooper and Alexander Coppock and Macartan Humphreys and Luke Sonnet},
	Note = {R package version 0.14},
	Title = {estimatr: Fast Estimators for Design-Based Inference},
	Url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=estimatr},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=estimatr}}

@article{Searles.etal2018,
	Author = {Kathleen Searles and Sophie Spencer and Adaobi Duru},
	Doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2018.1534985},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1534985},
	Journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	Number = {0},
	Pages = {1-16},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Don't read the comments: the effects of abusive comments on perceptions of women authors' credibility},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1534985},
	Volume = {0},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1534985}}

@unpublished{Garcia-Arenas2016,
	Author = {Javier Garcia-Arenas},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {The Impact of Free Media on Regime Change: Evidence from Russia},
	Url = {http://www.eief.it/files/2016/01/02-jmp_garcia-arenas.pdf},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.eief.it/files/2016/01/02-jmp_garcia-arenas.pdf}}

@article{Thorson2016,
	Author = {Emily Thorson},
	Doi = {10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187},
	Journal = {Political Communication},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {460-480},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187}}

@unpublished{Nyhan.Reifler.fact.check.long,
	Author = {Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Do People Actually Learn From Fact-Checking? Evidence from a longitudinal study during the 2014 campaign},
	Url = {http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bnyhan/fact-checking-effects.pdf},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bnyhan/fact-checking-effects.pdf}}

@unpublished{Pennycook.etal.implied.truth,
	Author = {Gordon Pennycook and Adam Bear and Evan Collins and David G. Rand},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {The Implied Truth Effect: Attaching Warnings to a Subset of Fake News Stories Increases Perceived Accuracy of Stories Without Warnings},
	Url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3035384},
	Year = {2019},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3035384}}

@article{Bode.Vraga2015,
	Abstract = {{Research on social media and research on correcting misinformation are both growing areas in communication, but for the most part they have not found common ground. This study seeks to bridge these two areas, considering the role that social media may play in correcting misinformation. To do so, we test a new function of Facebook, which provides related links when people click on a link within Facebook. We show users a post containing misinformation, and then manipulate the related stories to either confirm, correct, or both confirm and correct the misinformation. Findings suggest that when related stories correct a post that includes misinformation, misperceptions are significantly reduced.}},
	Author = {Bode, Leticia and Vraga, Emily K.},
	Doi = {10.1111/jcom.12166},
	Eprint = {http://oup.prod.sis.lan/joc/article-pdf/65/4/619/22320531/jjnlcom0619.pdf},
	Issn = {0021-9916},
	Journal = {Journal of Communication},
	Month = {06},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {619-638},
	Title = {{In Related News, That was Wrong: The Correction of Misinformation Through Related Stories Functionality in Social Media}},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12166},
	Volume = {65},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12166}}

@article{Uscinski.Butler2013,
	Author = {Joseph E. Uscinski and Ryden W. Butler},
	Doi = {10.1080/08913811.2013.843872},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2013.843872},
	Journal = {Critical Review},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {162-180},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {The Epistemology of Fact Checking},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2013.843872},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2013.843872}}

@article{Cook.etal2017,
	Author = {John Cook and Stephan Lewandowsky and Ullrich K. H. Ecker},
	Journal = {PLoS ONE},
	Number = {5},
	Title = {Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {2017}}

@article{Anson2018,
	Author = {Anson, Ian G.},
	Journal = {Political Psychology},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {1173-1192},
	Title = {Partisanship, Political Knowledge, and the Dunning-Kruger Effect},
	Volume = {39},
	Year = {2018}}

@book{Han2018,
	Author = {Rongbin Han},
	Publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	Title = {Contesting Cyberspace in China: Online Expression and Authoritarian Resilience},
	Year = {2018}}

@article{Benegal2018,
	Abstract = {Misperceptions of the scientific consensus on climate change are an important problem in environmental policy. These misperceptions stem from a combination of ideological polarization and statements from prominent politicians who endorse information contradicting or misrepresenting the scientific consensus on climate change. Our study tests a source credibility theory of correction using different partisan sources of information in a survey experiment. We find that corrections from Republicans speaking against their partisan interest are most likely to persuade respondents to acknowledge and agree with the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change. The extent of these effects vary by the partisanship of the recipient. Our results suggest that the partisan gap on climate change can be reduced by highlighting the views of elite Republicans who acknowledge the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change.},
	Author = {Benegal, Salil D. and Scruggs, Lyle A.},
	Day = {01},
	Doi = {10.1007/s10584-018-2192-4},
	Issn = {1573-1480},
	Journal = {Climatic Change},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {61--80},
	Title = {Correcting misinformation about climate change: the impact of partisanship in an experimental setting},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2192-4},
	Volume = {148},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2192-4}}

@book{Katzenstein.Keohane2006,
	Editor = {Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane},
	Publisher = {Cornell University Press},
	Title = {Anti-Americanisms in World Politics},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Gentzkow.Shapiro2004,
	Author = {Gentzkow, Matthew A. and Shapiro, Jesse M.},
	Doi = {10.1257/0895330042162313},
	Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	Month = {September},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {117-133},
	Title = {Media, Education and Anti-Americanism in the Muslim World},
	Url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/0895330042162313},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/0895330042162313},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330042162313}}

@article{Kim2002,
	Author = {Seung‐Hwan Kim},
	Doi = {10.1162/016366003761036525},
	Eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1162/016366003761036525},
	Journal = {The Washington Quarterly},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {109-122},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Anti-Americanism in Korea},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/016366003761036525},
	Volume = {26},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1162/016366003761036525}}

@article{Blaydes.Linzer2012,
	Author = {Lisa Blaydes and Drew A. Linzer},
	Doi = {10.1017/S0003055412000135},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {225--243},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Elite Competition, Religiosity, and Anti-Americanism in the Islamic World},
	Volume = {106},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000135}}

@Article{Corstange2016,
  author     = {Corstange, Daniel},
  journal    = {The Journal of Politics},
  title      = {Anti-American Behavior in the Middle East: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Lebanon},
  year       = {2016},
  number     = {1},
  pages      = {311-325},
  volume     = {78},
  abstract   = {Based on public opinion data, anti-Americanism of one form or another is endemic in the Middle East. This paper examines the extent to which hostility generalizes beyond opposition to American foreign policy but is unique to the United States. It conducts a field experiment in Lebanon that manipulates the putative sponsor of a survey and draws on a simple behavioral outcome: do people refuse to be interviewed based on who they think is asking the questions? Results show that academic sponsors do not affect participation rates but that refusals spike under government sponsorship of multiple nationalities---behavioral patterns which replicate in communities that vary widely in their a priori levels of hostility to the United States. Ironically, systematic opt-outs by political opponents make people in the government conditions appear more rather than less supportive of US-favored policies compared to their peers in the other treatment groups.},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1086/683372},
  doi        = {10.1086/683372},
  eprint     = {https://doi.org/10.1086/683372},
  url        = {https://doi.org/10.1086/683372},
}

@Article{Sokolov.etal2018,
  author     = {Sokolov, Boris and Inglehart, Ronald F and Ponarin, Eduard and Vartanova, Irina and Zimmerman, William},
  journal    = {International Studies Quarterly},
  title      = {{Disillusionment and Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Pro-American to Anti-American Attitudes, 1993--2009}},
  year       = {2018},
  issn       = {0020-8833},
  month      = {06},
  number     = {3},
  pages      = {534-547},
  volume     = {62},
  abstract   = {{In the early 1990s, the Russian public held overwhelmingly favorable attitudes toward the United States; in recent years, attitudes toward the United States have been overwhelmingly unfavorable. Analysts often trace this dramatic change to (1) the emergence of Russian-American conflicts such as those in former Yugoslavia and (2) Russian leaders' attempts to escape blame for their country's failures by attributing them to a powerful external enemy. We point to another major factor of Russian anti-Americanism that preceded the international conflicts and the government-led anti-American propaganda: (3) disillusionment, or an emotional and ideological dissatisfaction with the outcome of pro-Western reforms that started among the liberal elites and then spread among the general public. Using data from the New Russian Barometer surveys, we analyze the dynamics of attitudes toward the United States from 1993 to 2009. We find that mass disappointment in the perestroika outcomes preceded the spread of anti-Americanism in Russia and that anti-American sentiment was stronger and occurred earlier among the elite than among the mass public. Furthermore, those (especially better-educated) people who express disappointment with the outcomes of pro-Western reforms prove significantly more anti-American. Our findings illustrate a general ideological phenomenon that may explain the growth of anti-Americanism in unsuccessful democracies worldwide.}},
  bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqy013},
}

@article{Delavande.Zafar2018,
	Abstract = {This paper investigates how attitudes towards the United States are affected by provision of information. We generate a ``panel'' of attitudes in urban Pakistan, in which respondents are randomly exposed to fact-based statements describing the US in either a positive or negative light. Anti-American sentiment is high and heterogenous in our sample at the baseline, and systematically correlated with intended behavior (such as intended migration to the US). We find that revised attitudes are significantly different from baseline attitudes: attitudes are, on average, revised upward (downward) upon receipt of positive (negative) information, indicating that providing information had a meaningful effect on US favorability. The within-subject design and data on respondents' priors allows us to investigate the underlying mechanisms. We find that revisions are largely a result of salience-based updating. We reject unbiased information-based updating as the only source of revisions. In addition, a substantial proportion of individuals do not respond to the information. This heterogeneity in revision processes means that there is no convergence in attitudes following the provision of information.},
	Author = {Adeline Delavande and Basit Zafar},
	Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.03.002},
	Issn = {0167-2681},
	Journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization},
	Pages = {1 - 31},
	Title = {Information and anti-American attitudes},
	Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268118300593},
	Volume = {149},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167268118300593},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.03.002}}

@book{Dahl2001,
	Author = {Robert A. Dahl},
	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
	Title = {How Democratic Is the American Constitution?},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Buckley.Reuter2019,
	Author = {Noah Buckley and Ora John Reuter},
	Journal = {Comparative Politics},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {239-266},
	Title = {Performance Incentives Under Autocracy: Evidence from Russia's Regions},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2019}}

@article{Lee2012,
	Abstract = {{This study investigated if user-generated comments on Internet news sites affect readers' inferences about public opinion, and subsequently, their perceptions of media bias, and how ego-involvement moderates such effects. Supporting the notion that hostile media perception (HMP) stems from defensive processing, those who read others' comments discordant (vs. concordant) with their own opinion believed that the public was against their position and perceived the news report to be more hostile and partial in its coverage, but such effects were limited to those with higher ego-involvement. Readers' comments also had a direct effect on HMP among more involved individuals, without altering their perceptions of public opinion, suggesting that people might misattribute the opinions expressed in others' comments to the news article.}},
	Author = {Lee, Eun-Ju},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01597.x},
	Eprint = {http://oup.prod.sis.lan/jcmc/article-pdf/18/1/32/19492053/jjcmcom0032.pdf},
	Issn = {1083-6101},
	Journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	Month = {10},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {32-45},
	Title = {{That's Not the Way It Is: How User-Generated Comments on the News Affect Perceived Media Bias}},
	Url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01597.x},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01597.x}}

@article{Ingram2018,
	Author = {Mathew Ingram},
	Journal = {Columbia Journalism Review},
	Title = {Most Americans say they have lost trust in the media},
	Url = {https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/trust-in-media-down.php},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/trust-in-media-down.php}}

@techreport{KnightFoundation2018,
	Author = {{Knight Foundation}},
	Institution = {Knight Foundation},
	Title = {Indicators of News Media Trust},
	Url = {https://knightfoundation.org/reports/indicators-of-news-media-trust},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://knightfoundation.org/reports/indicators-of-news-media-trust}}

@techreport{ReutersInstitute2018,
	Author = {{Reuters Institute}},
	Institution = {{Reuters Institute} and {University of Oxford}},
	Title = {Digital News Report},
	Url = {http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2018/overview-key-findings-2018/},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2018/overview-key-findings-2018/}}

@techreport{Edelman2019,
	Author = {{Edelman}},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-30 17:16:37 -0500},
	Institution = {Edelman},
	Title = {2019 Edelman Trust Barometer},
	Url = {https://www.edelman.com},
	Year = {2019},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2019-03/2019_Edelman_Trust_Barometer_Global_Report.pdf}}

@misc{LSE2018,
	Author = {{London School of Economics}},
	Howpublished = {http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/truth-trust-and-technology-commission/journalism-credibility},
	Title = {Journalism credibility: Strategies to restore trust},
	Url = {http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/truth-trust-and-technology-commission/journalism-credibility},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/truth-trust-and-technology-commission/journalism-credibility}}

@techreport{ReutersInstitute2017,
	Author = {{Reuters Institute}},
	Institution = {{Reuters Institute} and {University of Oxford}},
	Title = {Digital News Report},
	Url = {http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2017/overview-key-findings-2017/},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2017/overview-key-findings-2017/}}

@techreport{UniEuropeanBroadcasting2018,
	Author = {{European Broadcasting Union}},
	Institution = {European Broadcasting Union},
	Title = {Trust in Traditional Media Increases Across Europe},
	Url = {https://www.ebu.ch/news/2018/02/trust-in-traditional-media-increases-across-europe},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.ebu.ch/news/2018/02/trust-in-traditional-media-increases-across-europe}}

@techreport{UniEuropeanBroadcasting2017,
	Author = {{European Broadcasting Union}},
	Institution = {European Broadcasting Union},
	Title = {Trust Gap Between Traditional and New Media Widening Across Europe},
	Url = {https://www.ebu.ch/news/2017/05/trust-gap-between-traditional-and-new-media-widening-across-europe},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.ebu.ch/news/2017/05/trust-gap-between-traditional-and-new-media-widening-across-europe}}

@unpublished{Treisman2018,
	Author = {Daniel Treisman},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Is Democracy in Danger? A Quick Look at the Data},
	Year = {2018}}

@article{Fletcher.Park2017,
	Author = {Richard Fletcher and Sora Park},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-30 17:17:04 -0500},
	Journal = {Digital Journalism},
	Number = {10},
	Pages = {1281-1299},
	Title = {The Impact of Trust in the News Media on Online News Consumption and Participation},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1279979}}

@book{Aalberg.Curran2012,
	Editor = {Toril Aalberg and James Curran},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {How Media Inform Democracy: A Comparative Approach},
	Year = {2012}}

@Article{Tsfati2010,
  author        = {Yariv Tsfati},
  journal       = {American Behavioral Scientist},
  title         = {Online News Exposure and Trust in the Mainstream Media: Exploring Possible Associations},
  year          = {2010},
  number        = {1},
  pages         = {22-42},
  volume        = {54},
  abstract      = {Based on the premise that online journalism offers readers with some features that may serve as an alternative to traditional journalism, this article explores possible associations between mistrust in mainstream news media and consumption of online news. Results from a telephone survey and an online survey demonstrate that the association between mistrust of mainstream news and exposure to online news in general is negative. But whereas mainstream exposure is related to trust in media, exposure to nonmainstream sites is related to media skepticism. The findings also shed some light on the factors contributing to audience trust in online news.},
  bdsk-url-1    = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764210376309},
  date-modified = {2019-08-30 17:18:16 -0500},
}

@article{Robinson1976,
	Author = {Michael J. Robinson},
	Date-Modified = {2020-07-12 12:20:45 -0500},
	Doi = {10.2307/1959647},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Number = {02},
	Pages = {409--432},
	Title = {Public Affairs Television and the Growth of Political Malaise: The Case of "The Selling of the Pentagon"},
	Volume = {70},
	Year = {1976},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1959647}}

@article{Newton1999,
	Author = {Kenneth Newton},
	Journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {577--599},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Mass Media Effects: Mobilization or Media Malaise?},
	Volume = {29},
	Year = {1999}}

@article{Coe.etal2008,
	Author = {Kevin Coe and David Tewksbury and Bradley J. Bond and Kristin L. Drogos and Robert W. Porter and Ashley Yahn and Yuanyuan Zhang},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00381.x},
	Journal = {Journal of Communication},
	Month = {jun},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {201--219},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press ({OUP})},
	Title = {Hostile News: Partisan Use and Perceptions of Cable News Programming},
	Volume = {58},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00381.x}}

@article{Fisher2016,
	Author = {Caroline Fisher},
	Doi = {10.1080/22041451.2016.1261251},
	Journal = {Communication Research and Practice},
	Month = {oct},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {451--465},
	Publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
	Title = {The trouble with `trust' in news media},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2016.1261251}}

@article{Bennett.etal1999,
	Author = {Stephen Earl Bennett and Staci L. Rhine and Richard S. Flickinger and Linda L.M. Bennett},
	Doi = {10.1177/1081180x9900400402},
	Journal = {Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics},
	Month = {sep},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {8--23},
	Publisher = {{SAGE} Publications},
	Title = {"Video Malaise" Revisited: Public Trust in the Media and Government},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {1999},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180x9900400402}}

@techreport{Marshall.etal2016,
	Author = {Monty G. Marshall and Ted Robert Gurr and Keith Jaggers},
	Institution = {Center for Systemic Peace},
	Title = {Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800--2015},
	Year = {2016}}

@article{Goemans.etal2009,
	Author = {H.E. Goemans and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch and Giacomo Chiozza},
	Journal = {Journal of Peace Research},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {269-183},
	Title = {Introducing Archigos: A Data Set of Political Leaders},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2009}}

@misc{Hadenius.Teorell2005,
	Author = {Hadenius, Axel and Teorell, Jan},
	Howpublished = {C\&M Working Papers, IPSA},
	Note = {Working Paper},
	Title = {Assessing Alternative Indices of Democracy},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Moritz.Bartz-Beielstein2017,
	Author = {Steffen Moritz and Thomas Bartz-Beielstein},
	Doi = {10.32614/rj-2017-009},
	Journal = {The R Journal},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {207},
	Publisher = {The R Foundation},
	Title = {{imputeTS}: Time Series Missing Value Imputation in R},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2017},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.32614/rj-2017-009}}

@misc{EVS2018,
	Author = {{EVS}},
	Doi = {10.4232/1.13090},
	Keywords = {KAT15 Political Attitudes and Behavior, KAT37 Work and Industry, KAT50 Society, Culture, KAT53 Family, KAT57 Religion and "Weltanschauung", KAT54 Person, Personality, Role, KAT65 Natural Environment, Nature},
	Language = {ger},
	Publisher = {GESIS Data Archive},
	Title = {European Values Study 2017: Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017)},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13090}}

@incollection{Schedler2015,
	Author = {Andreas Schedler},
	Booktitle = {Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences},
	Editor = {R.A. Scott and S.M. Kosslyn},
	Publisher = {Wiley},
	Title = {Electoral Authoritarianism},
	Year = {2015}}

@book{Schlesinger1966,
	Author = {Joseph A. Schlesinger},
	Publisher = {Chicago: Rand McNally and Co.},
	Title = {Ambition and Politics: Political Careers in the United States},
	Year = {1966}}

@article{Squire1988,
	Abstract = {This paper proposes and tests a theory that the level of membership stability in a legislature is a function of members' prospects for advancement beyond the body and financial incentives for staying in it. Regression analysis reveals that pay and advancement prospects are the most important variables in explaining membership stability. These two variables are then used to categorize legislatures according to the career opportunities they offer. The differences in membership stability and recruitment patterns among these types of legislature are then analyzed.},
	Author = {Peverill Squire},
	Issn = {03629805},
	Journal = {Legislative Studies Quarterly},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {65--82},
	Publisher = {[Wiley, Comparative Legislative Research Center]},
	Title = {Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures},
	Url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/439945},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {1988},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/439945}}

@book{Edinger.Jahr2016,
	Editor = {Michael Edinger and Stefan Jahr},
	Publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	Title = {Political Careers in Europe: Career Patterns in Multi-Level Systems},
	Year = {2016}}

@unpublished{Barragan-Manjon2015,
	Author = {M{\'e}lany Barrag{\'a}n-Manj{\'o}n},
	Note = {Working paper},
	Title = {Political careers in decentralized countries: A comparative approach},
	Year = {2015}}

@incollection{Stefan2016,
	Author = {Laurentiu Stefan},
	Booktitle = {Political Careers in Europe: Career Patterns in Multi-Level Systems},
	Editor = {Michael Edinger and Stefan Jahr},
	Publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	Title = {Political Careers between Local and National Offices: The Example of Romania},
	Year = {2016}}

@book{Mayhew1974,
	Author = {David R. Mayhew},
	Publisher = {Yale University Press},
	Title = {Congress: The electoral connection},
	Year = {1974}}

@book{Cain.etal1987,
	Author = {Bruce Cain and John Ferejohn and Morris Fiorina},
	Publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	Title = {The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence},
	Year = {1987}}

@article{Francis.Kenny1996,
	Author = {Wayne L. Francis and Lawrence W. Kenny},
	Doi = {10.2307/2111794},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Month = {aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {768},
	Publisher = {{JSTOR}},
	Title = {Position Shifting in Pursuit of Higher Office},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2111794}}

@article{Maestas2000,
	Author = {Cherie Maestas},
	Doi = {10.2307/440439},
	Journal = {Legislative Studies Quarterly},
	Month = {nov},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {663},
	Publisher = {Wiley},
	Title = {Professional Legislatures and Ambitious Politicians: Policy Responsiveness of State Institutions},
	Volume = {25},
	Year = {2000},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/440439}}

@article{Taylor1992,
	Author = {Michelle M. Taylor},
	Doi = {10.2307/2132108},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Month = {nov},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1055--1073},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {Formal versus Informal Incentive Structures and Legislator Behavior: Evidence from Costa Rica},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {1992},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2132108}}

@book{Carey1996,
	Author = {John Carey},
	Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Term Limits and Legislative Representation},
	Year = {1996}}

@book{Samuels2003,
	Author = {David Samuels},
	Publisher = {New York: Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Ambition, Federalism, and Congressional Politics in Brazil},
	Year = {2003}}

@article{Micozzi2013,
	Author = {Juan Pablo Micozzi},
	Doi = {10.1017/s0022381612000928},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Month = {jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {137--149},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {Does Electoral Accountability Make a Difference? Direct Elections, Career Ambition, and Legislative Performance in the Argentine Senate},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {2013},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381612000928}}

@article{Micozzi2014,
	Author = {Juan Pablo Micozzi},
	Doi = {10.1080/13572334.2014.891787},
	Journal = {The Journal of Legislative Studies},
	Month = {feb},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {265--284},
	Publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
	Title = {From House to Home: Strategic Bill Drafting in Multilevel Systems with Non-static Ambition},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2014.891787}}

@article{Lucardi.Micozzi2016,
	Author = {Adri{\'{a}}n Lucardi and Juan Pablo Micozzi},
	Doi = {10.1111/lsq.12137},
	Journal = {Legislative Studies Quarterly},
	Month = {may},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {811--840},
	Publisher = {Wiley},
	Title = {The Effect of the Electoral Calendar on Politicians{\textquotesingle} Selection into Legislative Cohorts and Legislative Behavior in Argentina, 1983-2007},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12137}}

@article{Alston.Mueller2005,
	Author = {Lee J. Alston and Bernardo Mueller},
	Doi = {10.1093/jleo/ewj001},
	Journal = {Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization},
	Month = {nov},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {87--114},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press ({OUP})},
	Title = {Pork for Policy: Executive and Legislative Exchange in Brazil},
	Volume = {22},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewj001}}

@article{Landry.etal2018,
	Author = {Pierre F. Landry and Xiaobo L{\"u} and Haiyan Duan},
	Doi = {10.1177/0010414017730078},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Month = {sep},
	Number = {8},
	Pages = {1074--1105},
	Publisher = {{SAGE} Publications},
	Title = {Does Performance Matter? Evaluating Political Selection Along the Chinese Administrative Ladder},
	Volume = {51},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017730078}}

@article{Reuter.Turovsky2012,
	Author = {Ora John Reuter and Rostislav Turovsky},
	Doi = {10.1177/1354068812448689},
	Journal = {Party Politics},
	Month = {jun},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {663--674},
	Publisher = {{SAGE} Publications},
	Title = {Dominant party rule and legislative leadership in authoritarian regimes},
	Volume = {20},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068812448689}}

@article{Bolotova2010,
	Author = {Olga Bolotova},
	Journal = {Gazeta.ru},
	Title = {Neokhotnyi ryad},
	Url = {https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2010/04/02_a_3346813.shtml},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2010/04/02_a_3346813.shtml}}

@article{Khamraev2016,
	Author = {Viktor Khamraev},
	Journal = {Kommersant},
	Title = {Deputaty sami lischat progulschikov mandatov},
	Url = {https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2972399},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2972399}}

@article{Fowler2006,
	Author = {James H. Fowler},
	Doi = {10.1093/pan/mpl002},
	Journal = {Political Analysis},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {456--487},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press ({CUP})},
	Title = {Connecting the Congress: A Study of Cosponsorship Networks},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpl002}}

@article{Kirkland2011,
	Author = {Justin H. Kirkland},
	Doi = {10.1017/s0022381611000533},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Month = {jul},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {887--898},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {The Relational Determinants of Legislative Outcomes: Strong and Weak Ties Between Legislators},
	Volume = {73},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381611000533}}

@article{Battaglini.Patacchini2018,
	Author = {Marco Battaglini and Eleonora Patacchini},
	Doi = {10.1086/700074},
	Journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
	Month = {dec},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {2277--2322},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {Influencing Connected Legislators},
	Volume = {126},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1086/700074}}

@article{Cho.Fowler2010,
	Author = {Wendy K. Tam Cho and James H. Fowler},
	Doi = {10.1017/s002238160999051x},
	Journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	Month = {jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {124--135},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {Legislative Success in a Small World: Social Network Analysis and the Dynamics of Congressional Legislation},
	Volume = {72},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s002238160999051x}}

@article{Kessler.Krehbiel1996,
	Author = {Daniel Kessler and Keith Krehbiel},
	Doi = {10.2307/2082608},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Month = {sep},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {555--566},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press ({CUP})},
	Title = {Dynamics of Cosponsorship},
	Volume = {90},
	Year = {1996},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/2082608}}

@book{Volden.Wiseman2014,
	Author = {Craig Volden and Alan E. Wiseman},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Legislative Effectiveness in the United States Congress: The Lawmakers},
	Year = {2014}}

@misc{Basmanova.etal2019,
	Author = {Elena Basmanova and Olga Berezovskaya and Xenia Strelnikova and Anna Lebedeva and Svetlana Telnova},
	Howpublished = {https://lobbying.transparency.org.ru/komiteti/#samplezp},
	Title = {Lobbisty Rostekha, Gazproma i krupneishego agroholdinga Tatarstana rukovodyat profilnymi komitetami Gosdumy},
	Year = {2019}}

@misc{Tolstykh2010,
	Author = {Pavel A. Tolstykh},
	Howpublished = {http://lobbying.ru/Dokuments/dep_rating.pdf},
	Title = {Luchschiye lobbisty Gosudarstvennoy Dumy FS RF 4 sozyva},
	Year = {2010}}

@article{PadrioiMiquel.Snyder2006,
	Author = {Padrio i Miquel, Gerard and Snyder, James M.},
	Doi = {10.3162/036298006x201841},
	Journal = {Legislative Studies Quarterly},
	Month = {aug},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {347--381},
	Publisher = {Wiley},
	Title = {Legislative Effectiveness and Legislative Careers},
	Volume = {31},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.3162/036298006x201841}}

@book{McCarty2011,
	Author = {Nolan McCarty},
	Doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559947.003.0004},
	Month = {mar},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {Measuring Legislative Preferences},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559947.003.0004}}

@article{Hall1992,
	Author = {Richard L. Hall},
	Doi = {10.2307/440058},
	Journal = {Legislative Studies Quarterly},
	Month = {may},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {205},
	Publisher = {Wiley},
	Title = {Measuring Legislative Influence},
	Volume = {17},
	Year = {1992},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.2307/440058}}

@article{Lauderdale.Herzog2016,
	Author = {Benjamin E. Lauderdale and Alexander Herzog},
	Doi = {10.1093/pan/mpw017},
	Journal = {Political Analysis},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {374--394},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press ({CUP})},
	Title = {Measuring Political Positions from Legislative Speech},
	Volume = {24},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpw017}}

@article{Dick.Lott1993,
	Author = {Andrew R. Dick and John R. Lott},
	Doi = {10.1016/0047-2727(93)90057-z},
	Journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
	Month = {jan},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--14},
	Publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	Title = {Reconciling voters{\textquotesingle} behavior with legislative term limits},
	Volume = {50},
	Year = {1993},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(93)90057-z}}

@article{Karev.Krizhevsky2012,
	Author = {Igor Karev and Alexey Krizhevsky},
	Journal = {Gazeta.ru},
	Title = {Ministr mifov},
	Url = {https://www.gazeta.ru/culture/2012/05/21/a_4595933.shtml},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.gazeta.ru/culture/2012/05/21/a_4595933.shtml}}

@article{Kolesnikov2007,
	Author = {Andrey Kolesnikov},
	Journal = {Kommersant},
	Title = {"Razve Putin mozhet byt neprav?"},
	Url = {https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/757109},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/757109}}

@article{Sharafutdinova2016,
	Author = {Gulnaz Sharafutdinova},
	Doi = {10.1163/2451-8921-00104003},
	Journal = {Russian Politics},
	Month = {dec},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {372--397},
	Publisher = {Brill},
	Title = {Regional Governors Navigating through Putin's Third Term},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2016},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00104003}}

@article{Szakonyi2018,
	Author = {David Szakonyi},
	Doi = {10.1017/s0003055417000600},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Month = {dec},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {322--338},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press ({CUP})},
	Title = {Businesspeople in Elected Office: Identifying Private Benefits from Firm-Level Returns},
	Volume = {112},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055417000600}}

@article{Gelman2008,
	Author = {Vladimir Gel'man},
	Doi = {10.1080/09668130802161165},
	Journal = {Europe-Asia Studies},
	Month = {jul},
	Number = {6},
	Pages = {913--930},
	Publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
	Title = {Party Politics in Russia: From Competition to Hierarchy},
	Volume = {60},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130802161165}}

@misc{Jones2018,
	Author = {Jeffrey M. Jones},
	Howpublished = {https://news.gallup.com/poll/243665/media-trust-continues-recover-2016-low.aspx},
	Title = {U.S. Media Trust Continues to Recover From 2016 Low},
	Year = {2018}}

@article{Hanitzsch.etal2018,
	Author = {Thomas Hanitzsch and Arjen Van Dalen and Nina Steindl},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-30 17:10:41 -0500},
	Journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {3--23},
	Title = {Caught in the Nexus: A Comparative and Longitudinal Analysis of Public Trust in the Press},
	Volume = {23},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740695}}

@techreport{Guess.etal2018,
	Author = {Andrew Guess and Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler},
	Institution = {Poynter Institute},
	Title = {All Media Trust Is Local? Findings from the 2018 Poynter Media Trust Survey},
	Url = {http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/media-trust-report-2018.pdf},
	Year = {2018},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/media-trust-report-2018.pdf}}

@article{Honaker.King2010,
	Abstract = {Applications of modern methods for analyzing data with missing values, based primarily on multiple imputation, have in the last half-decade become common in American politics and political behavior. Scholars in these fields have thus increasingly avoided the biases and inefficiencies caused by ad hoc methods like listwise deletion and best guess imputation. However, researchers in much of comparative politics and international relations, and others with similar data, have been unable to do the same because the best available imputation methods work poorly with the time-series cross-section data structures common in these fields. We attempt to rectify this situation. First, we build a multiple imputation model that allows smooth time trends, shifts across cross-sectional units, and correlations over time and space, resulting in far more accurate imputations. Second, we build nonignorable missingness models by enabling analysts to incorporate knowledge from area studies experts via priors on individual missing cell values, rather than on difficult-to-interpret model parameters. Third, since these tasks could not be accomplished within existing imputation algorithms, in that they cannot handle as many variables as needed even in the simpler cross-sectional data for which they were designed, we also develop a new algorithm that substantially expands the range of computationally feasible data types and sizes for which multiple imputation can be used. These developments also made it possible to implement the methods introduced here in freely available open source software that is considerably more reliable than existing strategies.},
	Author = {James Honaker and Gary King},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-30 17:17:27 -0500},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Month = {2010},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {561-581},
	Title = {What to do About Missing Values in Time Series Cross-Section Data},
	Volume = {54},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://gking.harvard.edu/files/abs/pr-abs.shtml}}

@techreport{Edelman2017,
	Author = {{Edelman}},
	Date-Modified = {2019-08-30 17:16:26 -0500},
	Institution = {Edelman},
	Title = {2017 Edelman Trust Barometer},
	Url = {https://www.edelman.com},
	Year = {2017},
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@Article{Krol2020,
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  number  = {2},
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@Article{Tam2017,
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  year    = {2017},
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@Article{Simison2020,
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@Article{Marcinkiewicz2019,
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@Article{Dockendorff2019,
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@Article{Berinsky2015,
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@Book{ArceneauxJohnson2013,
  author    = {Kevin Arceneaux and Martin Johnson},
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  address   = {Chicago London},
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@Article{Kydd2003,
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@Article{Little2019,
  author  = {Andrew T. Little},
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@Misc{Kahan2017,
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@Article{Rosenfeld2018,
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@Article{RobertsonGreene2017,
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@Unpublished{Shirikov2021,
  author = {Anton Shirikov},
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@Article{PriorSoodKhanna2015,
  author  = {Markus Prior and Gaurav Sood and Kabir Khanna},
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@Article{GreeneRobertson2017,
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@Article{Zhelnina2020,
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@Article{GreeneLyubimtseva2020,
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@Article{HasebrinkPopp2006,
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@Book{Prior2007,
  author    = {Markus Prior},
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@Article{PanXu2020,
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@Misc{LevadaCenter2021,
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  year         = {2021},
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@Book{EkiertHanson2003,
  editor    = {Grzegorz Ekiert and Stephen E. Hanson},
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@TechReport{BoltZanden2020,
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@Article{Hendley2012,
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@TechReport{CoppedgeEtAl2021,
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  institution = {Varieties of Democracy Project},
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@TechReport{PemsteinEtAl2021,
  author      = {Daniel Pemstein and Kyle L. Marquardt and Eitan Tzelgov and Yi-ting Wang and Juraj Medzihorsky and Joshua Krusell and Farhad Miri and Johannes von Römer},
  institution = {University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute},
  title       = {The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data},
  year        = {2021},
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@Article{PopElechesTucker2020,
  author  = {Grigore Pop-Eleches and Joshua A. Tucker},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
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@Article{NeundorfPopEleches2020,
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@Article{Harvey2016,
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@Article{FryeEtAl2019,
  author  = {Timothy Frye and Ora John Reuter and David Szakonyi},
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@Article{Bacon2012,
  author  = {Edwin Bacon},
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@Article{Forrat2018,
  author  = {Natalia Forrat},
  journal = {Comparative Politics},
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@Article{Wilson2016,
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  journal = {Problems of Post-Communism},
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@Article{Mukhametshina2020,
  author  = {Mukhametshina, Elena},
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  url     = {https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2020/10/22/844218-edinaya-rossiya-otobrala-bolee-70-kandidatov-odnomandatnikov},
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@Article{GandhiEtAl2020,
  author  = {Jennifer Gandhi and Ben Noble and Milan Svolik},
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@Article{LueEtAl2020,
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  year    = {2020},
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@Article{Truex2020,
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@Article{Schuler2020,
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@Article{Noble2020,
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@Article{Collord2016,
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  month   = {oct},
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@Article{BonvecchiSimison2017,
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@Article{WilliamsonMagaloni2020,
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  month   = {mar},
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@Book{Opalo2019,
  author    = {Opalo, Ken Ochieng'},
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@Article{Schleiter2013,
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  year    = {2007},
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@Article{Krol2020a,
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  month   = {oct},
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@Article{Noble2017,
  author  = {Ben Noble},
  journal = {Post-Communist Economies},
  title   = {Amending budget bills in the Russian State Duma},
  year    = {2017},
  month   = {oct},
  number  = {4},
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@InCollection{SiavelisMorgenstern2008,
  author    = {Peter M. Siavelis and Scott Morgenstern},
  booktitle = {Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America},
  publisher = {Penn State University Press},
  title     = {Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America: A Framework for Analysis},
  year      = {2008},
  editor    = {Peter M. Siavelis and Scott Morgenstern},
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@InCollection{Navia2008,
  author    = {Navia, Patricio},
  booktitle = {Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America},
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  year      = {2008},
  editor    = {Peter M. Siavelis and Scott Morgenstern},
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@Book{GeddesEtAl2018,
  author    = {Barbara Geddes and Joseph Wright and Erica Frantz},
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@Article{SchaffnerRoche2016,
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  year    = {2016},
  month   = {dec},
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@Article{Bisgaard2015,
  author  = {Martin Bisgaard},
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  title   = {Bias Will Find a Way: Economic Perceptions, Attributions of Blame, and Partisan-Motivated Reasoning during Crisis},
  year    = {2015},
  month   = {jul},
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  pages   = {849--860},
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@Article{BisgaardSlothuus2018,
  author  = {Martin Bisgaard and Rune Slothuus},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
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  year    = {2018},
  month   = {mar},
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  volume  = {62},
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@Article{Wijermars2021,
  author  = {Mariëlle Wijermars},
  journal = {Journalism},
  title   = {Russia's law `On news aggregators': Control the news feed, control the news?},
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  month   = {feb},
  pages   = {146488492199091},
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@Article{VegettiMancosu2020,
  author  = {Federico Vegetti and Moreno Mancosu},
  journal = {Political Communication},
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  year    = {2020},
  month   = {may},
  number  = {5},
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@Article{BullockEtAl2015,
  author  = {John G. Bullock and Alan S. Gerber and Seth J. Hill and Gregory A. Huber},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
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  month   = {dec},
  number  = {4},
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@Article{Chapman2021,
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  title   = {Shoring Up Autocracy: Participatory Technologies and Regime Support in Putin's Russia},
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  number  = {8},
  pages   = {1459-1489},
  volume  = {54},
}

@Article{DittoEtAl2018,
  author  = {Peter H. Ditto and Brittany S. Liu and Cory J. Clark and Sean P. Wojcik and Eric E. Chen and Rebecca H. Grady and Jared B. Celniker and Joanne F. Zinger},
  journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
  title   = {At Least Bias Is Bipartisan: A Meta-Analytic Comparison of Partisan Bias in Liberals and Conservatives},
  year    = {2018},
  month   = {may},
  number  = {2},
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@Article{HmielowskiEtAl2020,
  author  = {Jay D. Hmielowski and Myiah J. Hutchens and Michael A. Beam},
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  month   = {may},
  number  = {6},
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@Article{GrahamSvolik2020,
  author  = {Matthew H. Graham and Milan W. Svolik},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
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  year    = {2020},
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@Article{WangHuang2021,
  author  = {Chengli Wang and Haifeng Huang},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  title   = {When {\textquotedblleft}Fake News{\textquotedblright} Becomes Real: The Consequences of False Government Denials in an Authoritarian Country},
  year    = {2021},
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@Article{ChenEtAl2021,
  author  = {Kaiping Chen and Anqi Shao and Yepeng Jin and Aaron Ng},
  journal = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
  title   = {I Am Proud of My National Identity and I Am Superior To You: The Role of Nationalism in Knowledge and Misinformation},
  year    = {2021},
  doi     = {10.2139/ssrn.3758287},
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@Article{ChenEtAl2020,
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  pages   = {3672–3693},
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  url     = {https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/10141},
}

@Misc{HaerpferEtAl2021,
  author    = {Haerpfer, Christian and Inglehart, Ronald and Moreno, Alejandro and Welzel, Christian and Kizilova, Kseniya and Diez-Medrano, Jaime and Lagos, Marta and Norris, Pippa and Ponarin, Eduard and Puranen, Bi},
  title     = {World Values Survey Time-Series (1981-2020) Cross-National Data-Set},
  year      = {2021},
  doi       = {10.14281/18241.15},
  keywords  = {10200 Sociology, 10500 Political Science, Sociology, FOS: Sociology, Political Science, FOS: Political science},
  publisher = {World Values Survey Association},
}

@Misc{EVS2021,
  author    = {{EVS}},
  title     = {EVS Trend File 1981-2017},
  year      = {2021},
  copyright = {Alle im GESIS DBK veröffentlichten Metadaten sind frei verfügbar unter den Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. GESIS bittet jedoch darum, dass Sie alle Metadatenquellen anerkennen und sie nennen, etwa die Datengeber oder jeglichen Aggregator, inklusive GESIS selbst. Für weitere Informationen siehe https://dbk.gesis.org/dbksearch/guidelines.asp?db=d},
  doi       = {10.4232/1.13736},
  keywords  = {KAT15 Political Attitudes and Behavior, KAT37 Work and Industry, KAT50 Society, Culture, KAT53 Family, KAT57 Religion and "Weltanschauung", KAT54 Person, Personality, Role, KAT65 Natural Environment, Nature, ARBEIT UND BESCHÄFTIGUNG, Kulturelle und nationale Identität, Religion und Werte, Politisches Verhalten und politische Einstellungen, Familie und Ehe, Geschlecht und Geschlechterrollen, Umweltschutz und Naturschutz, LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT, Cultural and national identity, Religion and values, Political behaviour and attitudes, Family life and marriage, Gender and gender roles, Environment and conservation},
  language  = {de},
  publisher = {GESIS Data Archive},
}

@Article{FlanaginMetzger2007,
  author  = {Andrew J. Flanagin and Miriam J. Metzger},
  journal = {New Media & Society},
  title   = {The role of site features, user attributes, and information verification behaviors on the perceived credibility of web-based information},
  year    = {2007},
  month   = {apr},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {319--342},
  volume  = {9},
  doi     = {10.1177/1461444807075015},
}

@Article{Kostadinova2015,
  author  = {Petia Kostadinova},
  journal = {East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures},
  title   = {Media in the New Democracies of Post-Communist Eastern Europe},
  year    = {2015},
  month   = {may},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {453--466},
  volume  = {29},
  doi     = {10.1177/0888325415577863},
}

@Article{BavelPereira2018,
  author  = {Van Bavel, Jay J. and Pereira, Andrea},
  journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  title   = {The Partisan Brain: An Identity-Based Model of Political Belief},
  year    = {2018},
  month   = {mar},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {213--224},
  volume  = {22},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.004},
}

@Article{ArecharEtAl2022,
  author = {Antonio Alonso Arechar and Jennifer Nancy Lee Allen and Adam Berinsky and Rocky Cole and Ziv Epstein and Kiran Garimella and Andrew Gully and Jackson G. Lu and Robert M Ross and Michael Stagnaro and Jerry Zhang and Gordon Pennycook and David Gertler Rand},
  title  = {Understanding and Reducing Online Misinformation Across 16 Countries on Six Continents},
  year   = {2022},
  month  = {feb},
  doi    = {10.31234/osf.io/a9frz},
}

@Article{BeazerEtAl2021,
  author  = {Quintin H. Beazer and Charles D. Crabtree and Christopher J. Fariss and Holger L. Kern},
  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {When Do Private Actors Engage in Censorship? Evidence From a Correspondence Experiment with Russian Private Media Firms},
  year    = {2021},
  month   = {sep},
  pages   = {1--20},
}

@Article{Saito2022,
  author  = {Mari Saito},
  journal = {Reuters},
  title   = {Love letter, ID card point to Russian units that terrorised Bucha},
  year    = {2022},
  month   = may,
  url     = {https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/ukraine-crisis-bucha-killings-soldiers/},
}

@Article{Yapparova2022,
  author  = {Lilia Yapparova},
  journal = {Meduza},
  title   = {'Grandpa, did you kill people?'},
  year    = {2022},
  url     = {https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/05/04/grandpa-did-you-kill-people},
}

@Article{Hurley2022,
  author  = {Bevan Hurley},
  journal = {The Independent},
  title   = {Putin has brainwashed their Russian parents into war. They hope this website will save them},
  year    = {2022},
  url     = {https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/ukraine-propaganda-putin-misha-katsurin-b2034120.html},
}

@Article{Pertsev2022,
  author  = {Andrey Pertsev},
  journal = {Meduza},
  title   = {When propaganda ‘goes overboard’},
  year    = {2022},
  url     = {https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/04/22/when-propaganda-goes-overboard},
}

@Book{Gehlbach2021,
  author    = {Scott Gehlbach},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Formal Models of Domestic Politics},
  year      = {2021},
  month     = {sep},
  doi       = {10.1017/9781108674720},
}

@Article{Frye2018,
  author    = {Timothy Frye},
  journal   = {Comparative Political Studies},
  title     = {Economic Sanctions and Public Opinion: Survey Experiments From Russia},
  year      = {2018},
  month     = {nov},
  number    = {7},
  pages     = {967--994},
  volume    = {52},
  doi       = {10.1177/0010414018806530},
  publisher = {]},
}

@Article{BennettIyengar2008,
  author  = {W. Lance Bennett and Shanto Iyengar},
  journal = {Journal of Communication},
  title   = {A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication},
  year    = {2008},
  month   = {dec},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {707--731},
  volume  = {58},
}

@Book{CarterCarter2023,
  author    = {Erin Baggott Carter and Brett L. Carter},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Propaganda in Autocracies: Institutions, Information, and the Politics of Belief},
  year      = {2023},
}

@Article{HuangCruz2022,
  author  = {Haifeng Huang and Nicholas Cruz},
  journal = {Political Behavior},
  title   = {Propaganda, Presumed Influence, and Collective Protest},
  year    = {2022},
  month   = {feb},
  number  = {4},
  pages   = {1789--1812},
  volume  = {44},
}

@Book{Matovski2021,
  author    = {Aleksandar Matovski},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title     = {Popular Dictatorships},
  year      = {2021},
  month     = {oct},
}

@Article{EsareyEtAl2016,
  author  = {Ashley Esarey and Daniela Stockmann and Jie Zhang},
  journal = {Journal of Contemporary China},
  title   = {Support for Propaganda: Chinese Perceptions of Public Service Advertising},
  year    = {2016},
  month   = {sep},
  number  = {103},
  pages   = {101--117},
  volume  = {26},
}

@PhdThesis{Blum2022,
  author = {Blum, Ashley Katrine},
  school = {University of California, Los Angeles},
  title  = {Choosing Propaganda: Media Selection and Politics in Putin's Russia},
  year   = {2022},
}

@Article{Baysan2022,
  author  = {Ceren Baysan},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  title   = {Persistent Polarizing Effects of Persuasion: Experimental Evidence from Turkey},
  year    = {2022},
  month   = {nov},
  number  = {11},
  pages   = {3528--3546},
  volume  = {112},
}

@Article{EnikolopovEtAl2022,
  author  = {Ruben Enikolopov and Michael Rochlitz and Koen J. L. Schoors and Nikita Zakharov},
  journal = {{SSRN} Electronic Journal},
  title   = {The Effect of Independent Online Media in an Autocracy},
  year    = {2022},
}

@Article{BowenEtAl2023,
  author  = {T Renee Bowen and Danil Dmitriev and Simone Galperti},
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  title   = {Learning from Shared News: When Abundant Information Leads to Belief Polarization},
  year    = {2023},
  month   = {jan},
}

@Article{AlrababahBlaydes2021,
  author    = {Ala' Alrababa'h and Lisa Blaydes},
  journal   = {Political Science Research and Methods},
  title     = {Authoritarian Media and Diversionary Threats: Lessons from 30 years of Syrian State Discourse},
  year      = {2021},
  month     = {jun},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {693--708},
  volume    = {9},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press ({CUP})},
}

@Article{CarterCarter2022,
  author  = {Erin Baggott Carter and Brett L. Carter},
  journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
  title   = {When Autocrats Threaten Citizens with Violence: Evidence from China},
  year    = {2022},
  month   = {jan},
  number  = {2},
  pages   = {671--696},
  volume  = {52},
}

@Article{Przeworski2022,
  author  = {Adam Przeworski},
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  title   = {Formal Models of Authoritarian Regimes: A Critique},
  year    = {2022},
  month   = {sep},
  pages   = {1--10},
}

@Article{SuMeng2016,
  author  = {Zheng Su and Tianguang Meng},
  journal = {Social Science Research},
  title   = {Selective responsiveness: Online public demands and government responsiveness in authoritarian China},
  year    = {2016},
  month   = {sep},
  pages   = {52--67},
  volume  = {59},
}

@Book{GurievTreisman2022,
  author    = {Sergei Guriev and Daniel Treisman},
  publisher = {Princeton University Press},
  title     = {Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century},
  year      = {2022},
  month     = {dec},
}

@Book{PaulMatthews2016,
  author    = {Christopher Paul and Miriam Matthews},
  publisher = {{RAND} Corporation},
  title     = {The Russian "Firehose of Falsehood" Propaganda Model: Why It Might Work and Options to Counter It},
  year      = {2016},
}

@Article{PennycookEtAl2021,
  author  = {Gordon Pennycook and Jabin Binnendyk and Christie Newton and David G. Rand},
  journal = {Collabra: Psychology},
  title   = {A Practical Guide to Doing Behavioral Research on Fake News and Misinformation},
  year    = {2021},
  number  = {1},
  volume  = {7},
}

@Unpublished{GentzkowEtAl2021,
  author = {Matthew Gentzkow and Michael B. Wong and Allen T. Zhang},
  note   = {Working Paper},
  title  = {Ideological Bias and Trust in Information Sources},
  year   = {2021},
}

@Article{GreeneRobertson2022,
  author  = {Samuel Greene and Graeme Robertson},
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  title   = {Affect and Autocracy: Emotions and Attitudes in Russia after Crimea},
  year    = {2022},
  month   = {sep},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {38--52},
  volume  = {20},
}

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